= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

part of a compound nominal predicate {Слава - зрадлива /?/'«) or as a
main member of the nominative sentence ("Заслання, салюта,
солдатчина ..." - (Л. Костенко)). Sometimes it can fulfill the
function of detached apposition (вщокремлена прикладка - Мтна
знайгила будинок, невеличкий гарненький котедж, захований
nodani eid вулицг).
The rest of cases are indirect, being used with prepositions or without them. Indirect cases can be used as secondary parts of the sentence: the object, different types of circumstances, sometimes attribute.
The genitive case has the following meanings:
- belonging to some person or thing {батъко Миколи,
властивгстъ цементу);
- objective relations {не dicmae nanepy);
- the part of the whole or its incompleteness {налити води, цех
it/воду);
- circumstantial meanings: a) dates {1990 року); b) special
relations {наблизилисъ до ставу); с) time relations (протягом
тижня); d) cause relations (крикнув з переляку).
The dative case denotes a person for whom or because of whom a certain action takes place (служтня народов!, npueim друговг); possession (пам 'ятник Ieanoei Франку); the subject of the action in I lie impersonal sentence {Кому-кому, а йому ттъки цъого й треба було).
The accusative case has, first of all, the objective meaning (as a direct object with transitive verbs) (передплатити пресу, вимкнути ceimno). Used as an object in prepositional constructions it denotes the space as the direction of movement (в "ixamu в л1с, стртяти в небо), also an object {дбати про dimeu, кинути об землю).
The instrumental case abounds in meanings which can be the following:

• 
  objective (копоти лопатою, мгрятиметром);
  
• 
  circumstantial {ixamu дорогою, плисти морем);
  
• 
  denoting the accomplice of the doer of some action (батъко з дочкою, мати з немовлям);
  

- expressing the nominal part of the compound nominal
predicate (стати парубком, зробитися хмаркою);
- denoting the subject in one-member sentence (односкладне
речения) {гуртожиток заселено студентами).
The locative case is always used with a preposition. The most important meanings are circumstantial (ходити по березг, говорити no щиростг), or that of an object (кохатися в мистецтвг, гратися на почуттях); much more rarely attributive meanings are used {баба no Mamepi, товариство по духу).
The vocative case denotes the addressing to some person or personified object or any creature {мамо, брате, лисичко, кицю; Поезге, сонце мое оранжеве! (I. Драч)) [15; 121-122].
The mentioned above six cases have peculiar endings for all the nouns of the Ukrainian language. According to the type of ending there are differentiated four declensions of Ukrainian noun:

68
69

=
The first declension - includes nouns of the feminine gcntlei with the nominative case singular ending - а, -я (наука, земля), ami some group of nouns of the masculine gender and the common спив (стльного роду) (Микола, 1лля, голова, суддя).
The second declension - includes the biggest part of noun:. i)| the masculine and the neuter gender. Only those nouns of llie masculine gender which have the final hard consonant or solicited consonant and those having the ending -й, -о (робгтник, ключ, Ociih, чай, батько) belong to this declension. Among the neuter gcntlei nouns this declension includes all the nouns ending in -о, -е, н (except those that acquire the suffixes -ят, -ен in indirect cases), Ihe latter usually have the doubling of the final consonant of the si em (озеро, дерево, поле, бажання, обличчя).
The third declension - includes all the nouns of the feminiiig gender with the hard or the soft final consonant (тч, любое, iniiiu, радютъ) and the noun маши, which in indirect cases acquires (lit; suffix -ep (jnamepi).
The fourth declension - includes the nouns of the neuter gentler with the endings -а, -я, denoting the names of little according to Ihell age creatures/beings or some minute things as well as the noun ш ч In indirect cases these nouns have the suffix -ат, -ят and the noun гм'я has the suffix -ен: теля — теляти, лоша — лошати, Ы'н гменг.
The peculiar feature in the system of declensions of modi ill Ukrainian nouns is the dative case, which, being the analytical Ibim, creates the common paradigm of the noun alongside with olhel synthetic forms. This case form always has a preposition of place mi or в in its structure and a special form of a noun bound with it.
Due to such richness of case endings the noun in Ukrainian I* always distinctly expressed from the morphological point of view anil the meaning of its many forms is easily determined even beyond I hi sentence limits, that is why the importance of syntactic means in thl grammatical expression of the noun is not a substantial one.
4. The category of gender
In Ukrainian all the nouns without exception, irrespective of the
lie!her they denote the living beings or lifeless objects belong
lording to their ending to one of three grammatical genders: the
.... vuliiic gender, the feminine gender or the neuter gender. In
|Ц|| in I'ttglish vice versa there is no division of nouns according to
grammatical gender on the basis of their morphological
II и letistics. As a consequence, the noun in modern English does
|Й llrtvt- Ihe grammar category of gender.
Though some linguists believe that the English noun has the
Ibllity (though quite a limited one) to express the category of
|)4Jei In particular, the means of expressing the gender is considered
1 lite ability of many nouns to correlate with some of personal
I'liuiins (he, she or it). Yu.O. Zhluktenko agrees with
Imirnits'kyj who pointed out that the choice of the pronoun in
h 1 ttNCS is wholly caused by the semantics of the noun, which is
■п. I iird with it, e.g.: the noun "brother" and the pronoun "Ae"
Wielrtli- between themselves not directly and not formally but
HI e i»l ihe fact that they both denote the person of the masculine
I hal is why, in such cases, we classify according to the gender
I |||i words as they are but the objects, denoted by corresponding
I I ("tit родом" класифгкуються не слова як там, а певною
iMi предмета, що позначаються вщповщними словами)
I]
Almost the only word building element that has the distinct
1 1 haracteristic is the noun suffix -ess, with the help of which we the nouns of the feminine gender from nouns of the masculine • 1 host - hostess, poet -poetess, tiger - tigress, actor — actress lupine the Ukrainian suffix -к(а): лтар-ка, школяр-ка).
hi the rest of cases the fact of belonging to this or that sex is
■ 11 by the semantics of the word itself, as it can be observed
llnih in Ukrainian (cow корова, bull бик); or it can be rendered
1. iln help of adding of one of such words to the word, semantics of
ih It is not clear regarding its gender. As a result of such
¹ ■1 Million there appear compound words in the language of the