= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

The common case - is the form in which the English noun can fulfill functions of almost all parts of a sentence. It is by itself the pure base (вш являе собою "чисту основу") of the word without endings (or otherwise the base with the "zero ending"). Since the common case of nouns performs a big number of functions and is poor in its morphological expression (бщшсть морфолопчного оформления), its meaning can be clarified by syntactic means: the word order and the usage of prepositions. Merely judging from the fact that the noun stands before the verb-predicate we perceive it as a subject, and when it stands after the verb - as an object or the nominal part of the compound predicate (depending on the type of the verb).
The possessive case has a very narrow sphere of usage: the noun in this case fulfills the function of only one part of the sentence -the attribute, thus only such a kind of attribute which expresses the
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belonging or the size (приналежнють чи po3Mip). It is expressed by only one ending -s. The separate form of the possessive case exists practically only in the singular. In the plural only a few nouns have the possessive case. These are nouns that do not have the ending -s, e.g.: children's. The rest of nouns do not have a separate form of the possessive case in the plural. Usually the idea of possession is expressed by placing the form of the common case plural before the modified noun, as it happens while using the noun in the attributive function. The usage of apostrophe is a mere formality and does not belong to the language facts. Compare, e.g.: student's society (студентсъке товариство/ товариство cmydeumie) and Brains Trust (мозковий трест/ трест мгзкгв, тобто об 'еднання людей видатних розумових здгбностей).
The range of meaning of the possessive case is incomparably narrower than that of the common case. Yet linguists point out a number of meanings a "possessive case" noun may express in speech:

1. 
   possession, belonging (Peter's bicycle);
   
2. 
   personal or social relations (Peter's wife);
   
3. 
   authorship (Peter'spoem);
   
4. 
   origin or source (the sun's rays);
   
5. 
   kind or species (ladies' hats);
   
6. 
   the relation of the whole to its part (Peter's hand);
   
7. 
   subjective relations (Peter's arrival);
   
8. 
   objective relations (Peter's being sent);
   
9. 
   characteristic (her mother's care);
   

10) measure (a night's reflection; a mile's distance) [24; 70].
Not all the nouns in English have the possessive case. Only the
names of living beings and the names of lifeless/inanimate objects, meaning the size: the time interval (промгжок часу) (a week's leave -тижнева в1дпустка), the distance (a mile's distance - eidcmaub в одну милю), the weight (a ton's weight - вага в одну тону), the cost (a dollar's worth - варткть в один долар). The names of countries, cities and ships as well as the words: world, country, city, ship, also have the form of the possessive case. Sometimes there can be met the possessive case of some other inanimate objects with the meaning the
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ielation of the whole to its part: the car's lights, the chair's arm etc. 11ic majority of English nouns is used in the common case that is in fact it is indeclinable.
The English possessive case has two main usages: a) the dependent possessive case (залежний присвшний вщмшок), which ;ilways fulfills the function of the attribute and the b) independent possessive case, which is used independently without the noun that follows it (very often these nouns could be the words: house, office, shop, e.g.: at my friend's, to the baker's (до крамнищ булочника).
The dependent possessive case usually renders the meaning of belonging to something (the doctor's house), the meaning of size or of I he relation of the whole to its part (the girl's hand); sometimes it can have the subjective meaning regarding the word modified (John's activity, my brother's arrival) or in some cases the objective one (Mike's trial - суд над Майком).
The independent possessive case has most frequently the meaning of place (at the chemist's) and very seldom the meaning of belonging (It is my uncle's).
A very specific feature of English is the so-called group possessive case (груповий присвшний), when the ending of the possessive case serves not for one word but for a word combination, e.g.: Peter and Helen's flat, Prime Minister of England's residence, somebody else's book. Some linguists think that this happens due to the analytic character of the English language where very often a group of words can acquire characteristics of the complex word.
The peculiarity of the English possessive case is that it is usually placed before the noun whereas the Ukrainian attribute in the genitive case is usually placed after the noun. Also the English possessive case corresponds not only to the form of Ukrainian genitive case (зошит студента, день в1дпочинку) but also to the form of Ukrainian possessive adjectives (батътв капелюх, братова книжка).
In Ukrainian the noun has a very complicated system of declension (система вщмшювання). This system consists of six cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case, the accusative case, the instrumental case and the local or locative case.

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Besides, all the nouns that are the names of living beings and the names of lifeless objects, used in the transferred meaning or personified, have the seventh case - the so-called vocative form (клична форма), which is used at addressing: брате, земле. This system of declension is still more complicated by the fact that some nouns in one and the same case can have different endings. These endings can not be semantically differentiated, e.g.: у гаю, у za'i, батьковг, батьку but sometimes they can somehow alter the meaning of the word, e.g.: листопада (the month) and листопаду (the season of the year).
In Ukrainian the category of case is purely grammatical. Case forms are the means of connection of nouns with other words. Each case is the unity of form and meaning.
The nominative case of the noun is called the direct case. The
term "direct" denotes the independence of the noun's usage from its
connection with other words. Its usage is very limited. The nominative
case performs the function of a subject (щцмет), being the logical
subject (суб'ект) in the sentence: "А Рось китла в кам 'яному ложГ
(Л. Костенко). In passive constructions it is used as an object {Туман
розгонився вгтрами по долит). It can also function as a nominative