 Determination of the nature of a cause of a disease


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General procedure
• In real-time PCR assays, intercalating dyes or a target-specific probe
or primer (labelled with fluorescent dye) are used
• The measured fluorescent signal is proportional to the number of
specific DNA fragments produced
• Thus, during the real-time PCR, the accumulation of PCR products
can be monitored in each consecutive cycle as a change in the
degree of fluorescence
• So, the assay can be used for
quantification of the DNA or RNA
content in a given sample



Uses
For detection of
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 
• Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) 

Bluetongue virus (BTV)
• Avian influenza virus (AIV) and

Newcastle disease virus (NDV)

(Vet Sciences Tomorrow – Issue 1 - Jan 2001)
• Tick-borne diseases
• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Tick-borne encephalitis 
• Feline coronavirus (FCoV)

(B. Hoffmann et al. / Vet Microbl 139 (2009) 1–23


Non PCR based method
In situ hybridization 
• It relies on the principle that 
specific sequences of single-
stranded cell- and tissue-bound RNA and DNA will hybridize 
with single-stranded labeled probes of complementary 
sequence
• Every infectious organism has unique segment of DNA or 
RNA that are not found in other organisms, cells or tissues
• ISH can localize single-copy genes and mRNA transcripts in 
samples with fewer 
than 10 copies per cell present




Collecting samples
Careful sample collection is critical, especially if RNA sequences are
tested. 
This activity is more intense after the animal’s death or after the tissue has been 
removed from a living body (enzymatic activity is still present but no new RNA is 
formed. Therefore, the sooner the tissue is collected and preserved is the better 

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