Determination of the nature of a cause of a disease
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- Detection systems
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Preserving the tissues
Formalin adequately preserves tissue morphology and provides good retention of the nucleic Acids Processing the samples A nucleic acid template (DNA or RNA) within the tissue to be tested A labeled nucleic acid probe (usually an oligo nucleotide which is a short chain of specifically ordered nucleotide bases 8 or segments of RNA or double-stranded DNA specific for the organism to be detected) A detection system to demonstrate the hybridization reaction The duration of this test varies, but usually is 30–90 minutes Detection systems At first, ISH was performed using radioactive probes as the detection system. Although radioactive probes are usually more sensitive and still in use, nonradioactive probes are common today Nonradioactive probes minimize health hazards and circumvent governmental laws that regulate work with radio nucleides Interpretation of results The presence of hybrids indicates a positive reaction Diseases for which ISH is being used include • porcine circovirus • porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus • respiratory coronavirus • foot and mouth disease virus • swine vesicular disease virus Biosensors • A biosensor is an analytical device which involve the use of a biological element on a solid-state surface enabling a reversible bio specific interaction with the analyte and a signal transducer • The biological element used are like enzymes, receptors, peptides, single stranded DNA even living cells There are two different types of biosensors: • Biocatalytic and Bioaffinity -based biosensors • The biocatalytic biosensor uses mainly enzymes as the biological compound, catalyzing a signaling biochemical reaction • The bio affinity-based biosensor designed to monitor the binding event of lectins, receptors, nucleic acids, membranes, whole cells, antibodies or antibody related substances for bio molecular recognition The development of biosensor technologies will enable rapid and specific disease diagnosis on-site so that a clinician can quickly determine whether treatment is needed In 1998, immunoassay was developed for the detection of African Swine Fever virus (Uttenthaler et al., 1998) Su et al. (2000) reported a immunosensor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The proposed biosensor was used to screen pigs suspected to have been infected with the virus and to provide positive or negative results in a few minutes Kumar (2000) developed a method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and other infections caused by myco bacteria. Biosensor technology could also be applied to detect mastitis infection by sensing markers such as enzyme N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) in milk This enzyme is released into milk as a result of tissue damage when the cow is resisting a clinical intra-mammary infection Veterinary Infrared Thermography • It enables professionals to diagnose and monitor injuries, diseases and illnesses in large and small animals, like horses, dogs, cats, birds, livestock, zoo animals and marine animals • Animals emit infrared heat from their bodies, which can be visualized by thermography through an infrared camera • Heat patterns show if the animal’s blood circulation is normal or abnormal Both increased or decreased blood flow are symptoms of health problems, injuries, diseases or illnesses • General inflammations and injuries are visible as warmer areas or “hot spots ” in the thermal image, since they cause an increase in blood circulation • On the other hand swelling, nerve damage and scar tissue show up as colder areas or “ cold spots ” and indicate a decreased blood flow Veterinary Thermal Imaging allows identification and treatment of orthopedic pathologies at their early onset, while they are still in the acute phase , avoiding the possible catastrophic consequences that can arise from untreated conditions Positive aspects of Veterinary Thermography are that: it provides rapid and quick assessments; it is a non-contact / non-invasive diagnostic tool it can be repeated as frequently as necessary; it provides valuable information without the need to sedate the animals Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) This test works on the principle that an antibody or antigen can be linked to an enzyme, which can facilitate a color reaction that indicates a positive result The mainstay for measuring antibody response in infectious diseases and to support pathogen identification of potential use in infectious disease outbreaks and clinical care of individual patients ELISA techniques use antibodies linked to an enzyme as Download 0.97 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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