1- mavzu: Fanning nazariy mashg`ulotlari mazmuni

CHekli transformasiya koeffisienti oila bir tovardan qo`shimcha bir birlik ishlab chiqarish uchun ikkinchi tovardan qancha hajmda ishlab chiqarishdan voz kechish kerakligini bildiradi. Demak, oila 10 litr vino ishlab chiqarishga sarflaydigan bir ish kunini savat to`qishga sarflasa, u 20 dona ortiqcha savat ishlab chiqarigan bo`ladi.


Robert L.Sexton “Exploring Economics”
Chapter 2: The Economic Way of Thinking
2.1 Scarcity
Most of economics is knowing certain principles well and knowing when and how to apply them.
Economics is concerned primarily with scarcity how well we satisfy our unlimited wants in a world of limited resources. People are not able to fulfill all of their wants, both material and non-material. As long as human wants exceed available resources, scarcity will exist.
Scarcity is not the same thing as rarity.
The scarce resources that are used in the production of goods and services can be grouped into four categories: labor, land, capital, and entrepreneurship.
Labor is the total of both physical and mental effort expended by people in the production of goods and services.
Land includes the natural resources used in the production of goods and services.
Capital is the equipment and structures used to produce other goods. It also includes human capital, the productive knowledge and skill people receive from education and on-the-job training.
Entrepreneurship is the process of combining labor, land and capital to produce goods and services. Entrepreneurs make the tough and risky decisions about what and how to produce. Entrepreneurs are always looking for new ways to improve production techniques or to create new products, lured by the chance to make a profit.
We are all entrepreneurs when we try new products or when we find better ways to manage our households or our study time.
Goods are those items that we value or desire. ­They can be tangible goods that are physical or intangible goods (such as friendship) that are not. Services are the intangible acts for which people are willing to pay.
All goods and services, whether they are tangible or intangible, are produced from scarce resources and can be subjected to economic analysis.
Scarce goods created from scarce resources are called economic goods. If there are not enough economic goods for all of us, we will have to compete for those scarce goods. That is, scarcity ultimately leads to competition for the available goods and services.
We all want more tangible and intangible goods and services. In economics, we assume that more goods and services lead to greater satisfaction.
In contrast to goods, bads are those items that we do not desire or want. The elimination or reduction of a bad is a good.
However, just because we assume that people want more goods, it does not mean that economics presumes that people are selfish and greedy. People are willing to give up their money and time for what they believe to be important causes, revealing that charitable endeavors are desirable goods. Many desires, like building new friendships or helping charities can hardly be defined as selfish, yet these are desires that many people share. Self-interest is not the same as selfishness or greed.
We all face scarcity, because we cannot have all of the goods and services that we desire. However, because we all have different wants and desires, scarcity affects everyone differently.
Even the richest person must live with scarcity and must, at some point, choose one want or desire over another. As we get more affluent, we learn of new luxuries to provide us with satisfaction. Wealth creates a new set of wants to be satisfied.

No evidence indicates that people would not find a valuable use for additional income, no matter how rich they become. Even the wealthy individual who decides to donate all of her money to charity faces the constraints of scarcity. If she had greater resources, she could do still more for others.
Scarcity never has and never will be eradi­cated. The same creativity that permits new methods to produce goods and services in greater quantities also reveals new wants. New wants quickly replace old ones. Moreover, although people seem to be happier when they can buy more goods and services, it is likely that over a period of time, a rising quantity of goods and services will not increase human happiness. It is very possible that our wants grow as fast, if not faster, than our ability to meet those wants, so we still feel scarcity as much or more than we did before.