1. Introduction Consider hydrodynamic systems in Riemann
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1. Introduction Consider hydrodynamic systems in Riemann invariants, with the characteristic speeds ____ subject to ______, for any __________ (2) for any _ _ _ _ _ _. The systems satisfying (2) are known as "weakly nonlinear". It was shown in ref. [ 1 ] that weak non- linearity prevents shocks in the region where the sys- tem is strictly hyperbolic. The systems, satisfying (3), are called "semi-Hamiltonian" and may be shown to possess an infinite number of conservation laws of the form ______ with ____ independent of _________ , etc. (see ref. [ 2] ). In the last years weakly nonlinear semi-Hamiltonian systems (WNS systems) were extensively studied (see e.g. refs. [2-5 ] ) especially from the viewpoint of the solvability of the initial value problem. Some questions, concerning their Hamiltonian properties, were discussed in refs. [6,7 ]. Our aim here is to show that the combination of the two properties - weak nonlinearity and infinity of conservation laws - gives the possibility to obtain the complete integral of all WNS systems in a simple and closed form. Let us begin with the analysis of eqs. (2 ) and (3 ). For n=2 any WNS system with ______ coast may be put into the form (4) which is just the Riemann invariant form of a "Chaplygyn gas" - equations of isentropic gas dy- namics with _____. For n=3 the general solution of eqs. (2) and (3 ) is expressed by the formula (see ref. [8] ) Where _____ and _____ are six arbitrary functions of the corresponding variables. The 3x3 systems with __________ given by (5) were studied earlier in ref. [2] (without emphasizing that (5) is the general solution of (2) and (3)). To give the general solution of these equations for any n> 3 it is convenient to introduce the n_n matrix where the _____ are arbitrary functions of the cor- responding variables __________. Let __ be the (n —1)_(n-1) matrix obtained from __ after we cancel its (n— 1 )th row and ith column. Let __ be the (n — 1) x (n— 1) matrix obtained from __ after we cancel its nth row and ith column. Now the general solution of (2) and (3) is given by and for n=3 one immediately comes to (5). How- ever, we shall not use this explicit form for ___ in the following. The complete integral of the system (4 ) may be expressed by the well known formula where the functions ____, and f__ are arbitrary. (To obtain the solution of (4) one has to express R 1 and R 2 as functions of _ , t from the implicit formula (7 ). ) With the particular choic all integrals in (7) become Abelian integrals of the f i r s t k i n d o n t h e h yp e r e l l i p t i c c u r v e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of genus 2, and eqs. (7) become the Jacobi inversion problem. As is known from the theory of the KelV equation (see e,g. refs. [9,10] ) the function satisfies the equation which is up to resealing the KdV equation. Solutions of the KdV equation obtained by the procedure de- scribed above are called two-zone solutions. It is in some sense surprising that the simple hydrodynamic system (4) and the KdV equation have a common set of solutions (just all two-zone solutions). To obtain the n-zone solutions of the KdV equa- tion let us take the system which is the natural generalization of (4) to the n- component case and may be easily verified to be a WNS-system. As will be shown below, the complete integral of (8) is given by where the functions (_) are arbitrary. Taking and introducing we again arrive at the KdV equation These are just n-zone solutions. Note, that in the KdV theory the R are the zeros of the corresponding __- function, ___________. The evolution of R, governed by (8), is thus the evolution of the zeros of 1,v, when the potential u evolves according to the KdV equation. The form (9) of the complete integral of the sys- tem (8 ) may be generalized to any WNS system ( 1): where the ____ are arbitrary, while the ____ are fixed and completely determined by the system (1) under cons id eration (e. g. fo r the s ys tem (8 ) we h ave ___ _. Before proceeding directly to the methods of integration we shall say a few words about the applications of eqs. (2) and (3). 1.1. Applications in differential geometry. Cyclids of Dupin /111 Let be the hypersurfacc of the Euclidean space Download 424.59 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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