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Lecture Morphology of Roman-German languages

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  Lecture 3. The morphology of Roman-German languages
  

1. Previous lesson review

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  Plan
  

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  1. Previous lesson review
  
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  2. What is morphology?
  
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  3. Morphology of Old English
  

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geographically—as a language spoken by the Germanic settlers in the British Isles;

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  What is Old English?
  

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  geographically—as a language spoken by the Germanic settlers in the British Isles;
  
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  historically—as a language spoken from the time of the Germanic settlement in the 5th century until the Norman Conquest in 1066
  
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  genetically—as a Lowlands branch of the West Germanic group of languages (in other words, it is a branch of the Germanic languages that emerged from languages spoken in what are now Holland, northern Germany, and Denmark);
  
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  typologically—as a language with a particular sound system (phonology), grammatical endings (morphology), word order patterns (syntax), and vocabulary (lexis).
  

morphology

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  What is morphology, really?
  

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  morphology
  
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  is the study of words
  
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  Independently
  

much closer in nature to Proto-Germanic than modern English is

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  Old English morphology
  

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  much closer in nature to Proto-Germanic than modern English is
  
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  First, it means that Old English had retained five grammatical cases:
  
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  Nominative (noun as subject)
  
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  Accusative (noun as direct object)
  
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  Genitive (noun with preposition –of or –’s)
  
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  Dative (She gave the postman a letter)
  

categories of number, gender and case

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  Old English Noun. Categories of of Noun
  

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  categories of number, gender and case
  
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  Three grammatical genders in nouns: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter
  
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  two grammatical numbers: Singular, Plural
  

 se cyning ‘the king’ in the nominative form

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  Cases
  

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   se cyning ‘the king’ in the nominative form
  
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   þæs cyninges ‘the king’s’ in the genitive
  
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   þǣm cyninge in the dative ‘for/to the king’.
  

Doesn’t exist in modern English

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  Grammatical gender
  

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  Doesn’t exist in modern English
  
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  Old English had grammatical gender like German articles die, der, das
  

Singular

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  Number
  

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  Singular
  
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  Plural- s
  
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  man, men; goose, geese; foot, feet.
  

Strong verbs formed the past tense by changing a vowel – like in sing, sang, sung, while weak verbs formed it by adding an ending – like walk – walked.

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  Strong and weak verbs
  

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  Strong verbs formed the past tense by changing a vowel – like in sing, sang, sung, while weak verbs formed it by adding an ending – like walk – walked.
  
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  the strong verbs were divided into seven (!) different classes, each depending on how the verb’s stem changed to show past tense.
  

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  the grammatical forms were built by means of: sound interchanges, inflections and suppletion.
  

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