1. What are the eight important objectives of teacher education?

36. What are the principles of lesson planning?
There are different principles of lesson planning. The most important among them are
variety, flexibility, examining the subject matter from the learners’ point of view,
considering individual differences, language backgrounds and past experience.
1. Variety means involving learners in a number of different types of activities and
using a wide selection of material to motivate learners.
2. Flexibility comes into play, when dealing with the plan in the classroom, for a
number of reasons a teacher should have an opportunity to change the plan in
accordance with the situation which can take place during teaching.
3. Examination of the subject matter from the learners’ point of view – the teacher
should examine teaching material and reveal its appropriateness to learners and
difficulties for acquiring this material by learners. During planning a teacher adapt
material and defines ways of overcoming these difficulties.
4. Consideration of individual differences presupposes that learners have different
abilities to learn the language under apparently the same conditions of learning. This
fact should be taking into consideration in planning. This principle is known in the
domestic methodology as individualization and differentiation of teaching.
5. Language backgrounds and past experience – before designing a teacher should
reveal what prior knowledge, abilities and skills the learners have.
37.
38. What do you know about Robert Gagne`s nine step process for planning the set of the lesson?
Robert Gagne proposed a nine-step process called the events of instruction, which is
useful for planning the sequence of your lesson. Using Gagne’s 9 events in conjunction
with Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (link) aids in designing
engaging and meaningful instruction.
1. Gain attention: Obtain students’ attention so that they will watch and
listen while the instructor presents the learning content.
2. Inform learner of objectives: Allow students to organize their thoughts
regarding what they are about to see, hear, and/or do.
3. Stimulate recall of prior knowledge:Help students make sense of new information by relating it to something they already know or something they have already experienced.
4. Present new content: Utilise a variety of methods including lecture,
readings, activities, projects, multimedia, and others.
5. Provide guidance: Advise students of strategies to aid them in learning
content and of resources available. With learning guidance, the rate of learning
increases because students are less likely to lose time or become frustrated by basing
performance on incorrect facts or poorly understood concepts.
6. Practice: Allow students to apply knowledge and skills learned.
7. Provide feedback: Provide immediate feedback of students’ performance to assess and facilitate learning.