1. What is headline?

Pragmatics is the relations of the sign and its users.


Types: pragmatics of linguistic signs (meaningful elements whose preservation in translation is desirable at any level of equivalence), pragmatics of an individual speech act (translation event may be pragmatically oriented toward a concrete TR and pursue some aims beside; extralinguistic context is important).


Pragmatic adaptations: addition, omission, explanation, generalization, specification.


Pragmatic value is a concept, which assesses its success in achieving the pragmatic purpose.
38. The pragmatic adaptation.
Pragmatic adaptation as the modification of the content or form of the source text in order to produce a target text that conforms to the needs of the new communicative situation. This communicative situation involves (at least) all the extratextual factors. А translation should involve a kind of pragmatic adaptation to prove the preservation of the original communicative effect. This adaptation should ensure that the text of translation conveys the same attitude to the reported facts as does the original text it means that the comical should not be replaced by the tragical one. Translation of the maintenance instruction is considered good if after reading a technician will be able to operate the appropriate piece of machinery correctly. E. Nide introduced the concept of “ dynamic equivalence” which should be judged not against the original but against the reader’s reaction.
39. Handling translator's false friends.
As a matter of fact, very few international words have the same meanings in different languages. In respect to English and Russian we can cite the words like the English “parliament, theorem, diameter” and their Russian counterparts «парламент, теорема, диаметр». In most cases, however, the semantics of such words in English and in Russian do not coincide and they should rather be named “pseudointernational”. Their formal similarity suggesting that they are interchangeable, is, therefore, deceptive and may lead to translation errors. For that reason they are often referred to as the translator’s false friends.


The pseudointernational words can be classified in two main groups. First, there are words which are similar in form but completely different in meaning. Here the risk of making a bad mistake is very great whenever the translator fails to consult his dictionary. Lots of mistakes have been made translating such English words as “decade, complexion, lunatic, accurate, actual, aspirant” and the like. E.g.:

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