1. What is Modernism in English Literature and enumerate modernist techniques.

Variant 10
1. English Realism, characteristics and the best representatives (200 -300 words)
Realism was a literary movement that began in the mid-19th century and can be defined as a move against Romanticism that stressed truthful and relatable, also realistic, subject matter. The era of Romanticism, or romantic literature, was often marked by fantastical stories that were thought by many to be out of touch with real life. Thus, Realism was an after effect or evolution from Romanticism into more commonplace situations and stories in literature. Realism in literature was incredibly popular and was demonstrated through the use of relatable, everyday, characters and situations. The Realist literary movement was thought to have originated in France circa 1850, after the 1848 Revolution, and then spread widely throughout Europe and the United States as the movement gained popularity. As previously mentioned, Realism was a response to the earlier period of Romanticism, which also had its origins in France, but during the early French Revolutionary period. Realist artists and writers grew tired of the fantastical exaggerations of the Romantic style and era, so they strove to create more realistic representations of life; this is how the Realism period began. People were widely more attracted to stories about common experiences and people that they could relate to, which led to the overall popularity of the Realist movement. Some major Realist writers, along with some of their most famous works, include:Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)-French writer who authored Madame Bovary, written in 1856Alexandre Dumas fils (1802-1870)-French writer most known for The Lady of the Camellias, published in 1848Henry James (1843-1916)-American writer who authored The Art of the Novel, originally written circa 1909; he also wrote a popular essay called The Art of Fiction, written in 1884Stendhal (a.k.a. Marie-Henri Beyle; 1783-1842)-French author whose notable works include: Red and Black (1830), The Charterhouse of Parma (1839), and Armancy (1836)Fedor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)-Russian author who wrote Crime and Punishment (1866) and The Insulted and Humiliated (1861)Charles Dickens (1812-1865)-English author who wrote A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Great Expectations (1860), Bleak House (1852), and Oliver Twist (1837)Mark Twain (1835-1910)-American writer who authored The Gilded Age (1873), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and The Prince and the Pauper (1881)