60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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3 , . . . we can find one whose decimal expression begins with any given combination of numbers. Further elaboration of the same argument leads to a number of interesting theorems of algebra and geometry. Here are some of them: 1) Let l be a ray originating from a point on the x-axis, tan α an irrational number, α the angle between the ray and the x-axis. Then l never crosses a point with integer coordinates but passes however close to some of such points. 2) There is a positive integer n such that sin n < 10 −10 . 3) If numbers α and β are incommensurable with π and with each other, then for any prescribed distance 1 ε an n can be chosen so that 2 | sin(nα) + sin(nβ) − 2| < ε although sin(nα) + sin(nβ) is not equal to 2 for any n. 4) If the radii of circles F and G are incommensurable (i.e., their ratio is irrational) then as circle F rolls without slipping along the fixed circle G any point of F traces a curve (called epicycloid), see Fig. L4) whose cusps are dense 3 on G. In conclusion of the lecture Gelfand discussed some qualitative estimates connected with Dirichlet’s principle. For example, the problem on the pedestrian striding along the road with ditches was modified as follows: “How often will the pedestrian step into a ditch?” Nondecimal number systems 4 (Summary of A. M. Yaglom’s lecture for 7-th and 8-th graders) First, Yaglom challenged the students to play against him the game ‘Nim’. This is a game played on the blackboard. Three pieces are placed on the ‘chessboard’ with three rows, see Fig L4. Each player can move any of the pieces to the right as far as (s)he likes. The winner is the one who makes the last move. Figure 4. (Fig.L4) Yaglom had prepared a number of winning positions and, using them, easily won several sets on the blackboard, the audience cheering the players. This experiment convinced the students that there existed winning and losing positions; then Yaglom led to the idea to practice playing Nim on a small chessboard. Further on, Yaglom told the audience about nondecimal number systems. Fix a number q. Any positive integer x can be expressed in the form x = a n · q n + a n−1 · q n−1 + . . . + a 1 · q + q 0 , where 0 ≤ a i < q. If q = 10, we have the standard decimal representation, usually written in the abbreviated form as x = a n a n−1 . . . a 1 a 0 . 1 ε usually stands among mathematicians for a small number; I wanted to show that it can be very small. D.L. 2 You should make sure that you understand why this means that n can be chosen so that the distance between the points sin(nα) + sin(nβ) and 2 is smaller than ε . 3 i.e., any arc of G hosts infinitely many of the cusp points. 4 For details see [YY]. NONDECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEMS 19 If q = 2, we get the binary system widely used in activities related with computers and coding. With respect to this number system any number is expressed with the help of only two figures, 0 and 1, e.g. 1 = 1 2 , 2 = 10 2 , 4 = 100 2 , 8 = 1000 2 , 9 = 1001 2 , etc. (Here the subscript indicates “the base” of the number system). Fractions can also be written in the same fashion, e.g. 0.101 2 = 1 · 2 Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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