60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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Y ] for some k, l ∈ N . Proof. Among numbers 1, 2, . . . , n there are [ n X ] numbers of the form [kX] and [ n Y ] numbers of the form [lY ]. Since 1 X + 1 Y = 1, it follows that n X + n Y = n =⇒ [ n X ] + [ n Y ] = n − 1. Similarly, among 1, 2, . . . , n + 1 there are n such numbers. Therefore, between n and n + 1 there is exactly one such number, Q.E.D. Now, let us solve the problem. Since τ and τ 2 satisfy relation (∗), every natural number is of the form either [nτ ] or [mτ 2 ]. Moreover, it is clear that [nτ 2 ] − [nτ ] = n. (∗∗) Hence, the pairs ([mτ 2 ], [mτ ]) cover the whole natural series, and differences (∗∗) are distinct for distinct m. But this means exactly that we have found the set of loosing positions for the first player, Q.E.D. Can you figure out how to explicitely incorporate the Fibonacci system in the proof? 1 It is rather difficult to explain why! For a solution see [YY]. 20 SELECTED LECTURES OF MATHMATHEMATICS CIRCLES Indefinite second-order equations (Summary of CMA B. N. Delon´ e’s lecture for 9-th – 10-th graders) Delon´e began with a short story about indefinite second-order equations for two integer unknowns. The most interesting among them is Pell’s equation: x 2 − my 2 = 1, (∗) where m is a positive integer which is not a perfect square. Theorem. Equation (∗) has infinitely many solutions. To prove this let us take a rectangular coordinate system u, v and consider vectors a = (1, 1) and b = ( √ m, − √ m). All points M such that OM = xa + yb, where x, y are integers, form a lattice closely related with the properties of equation (∗): If M is one of the points of the lattice, then in coordinate system u, v the coordinates of M are u = x + y √ m, v = x − y √ m and therefore uv = x 2 − my 2 . Thus, the proof of our Theorem reduces to the following Problem: Prove that the hyperbola uv = 1 contains infinitely many points of the lattice. (The hyperbola is plotted by the dashed curve on Fig. L6.) Figure 6. (Fig.L6) Figure 7. (Fig.L7) One point of the lattice belonging to the hyperbola is obvious: the point M 0 with coordinates u = v = 1. The symmetric point M 0 0 (u = v = −1) also belongs to the hyperbola. Suppose that in addition to these two points we have found one more point of the lattice, M 1 (u 1 , v 1 ) such that u 1 v 1 = 1. Consider the transformation ϕ of the plane that sends an arbitrary point A(u, v) into A 0 = ϕ(A) with the coordinates u 0 = uu 1 , v 0 = vv 1 . Clearly, ϕ transforms the hyperbola uv = 1 into itself, i.e., the transformation moves the hyperbola along itself (and that is why mathematicians call such ϕ a hyperbolic Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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