7. semantic classification of words

7. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS

1. 
   Basic Principles of Grouping Words
   
2. 
   Synonymy
   
   1. 
      Synonyms
      
   2. 
      Classification of Synonyms
      
   3. 
      Euphemisms
      
3. 
   Antonymy
   
   1. 
      Antonyms
      
   2. 
      Classification of Antonyms
      
4. 
   Terminological and Lexico-Semantic Groups of Words
   
   1. 
      Terminological and Lexical Sets
      
   2. 
      Lexico-Semantic Groups
      
   3. 
      Semantic Fields
      

KEY TERMS

Synonymy, stylistic synonymy, ideographic synonymy, ideographic-stylistic synonymy, synonyms, synonymic dominant, euphemism, antonyms, contradictories (contradictory antonyms), contraries (gradable antonyms), incompatibles (incompatible antonyms), lexical set, terminological set, lexico-semantic group, semantic field, the common denominator of meaning.

1. 
   BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GROUPING WORDS
   

There are two basic principles of grouping words together according to the properties of their content side.

1. 
   To classify words proceeding from the basic types of semantic relations.
   
2. 
   To group words together starting off with associations connecting the given words with other vocabulary units.
   

According to these principles of classifying linguistic units the following semantic classes (or categories) can be singled out: 1) synonyms; 2) antonyms; 3) lexical and terminological sets; 4) lexico-semantic groups; 5) semantic fields.

2. SYNONYMY

Synonymy is the kind of semantic relations that implies the coincidence in the essential meanings of linguistic elements, which usually preserve their differences in connotations and stylistic characteristics. Synonymy does not present a perfect type of a linguistic category. In human languages equivalence of meaning is hardly ever observed because no two words are absolutely identical in their meanings, connotations, ways of usage, register features, or frequency of occurrence.

1.