A. N. Elmurodov Respublika ta’lim markazi uslubchisi
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VI bob. Musbat va manfiy sonlarni qoshish va ayirish Havo temperaturasi ertalab 18 °C edi. Peshinga borib, temperatura 7 °C ga ozgardi, yani temperatura avvalgisiga qaraganda ortdi va 18 °C + 7 °C = 25 °C boldi. Bu temperatura avvalgisi va ozgarganining yigindisiga teng. Kechga borib havo temperaturasi −10 °C ga pasaydi, yani temperatura peshingiga nisbatan kamaydi va 15 °C ni korsatdi. Bu temperaturani ham avvalgisi va ozgarganining yigindisiga teng deb yoza olamiz: 25 °C + (−10 °C) = 15 °C. Umuman, k songa n sonni qoshish k sonni n birlikka ozgartirish demakdir. Har qanday son unga musbat son qoshilsa ortadi, manfiy son qoshilsa kamayadi. 1- m i s o l . −6 va 4 sonlari yigindisini toping. Y e c h i s h . Koordinata oqida A (−6) nuqtani belgilaymiz va uni 4 birlik ongga siljitamiz. Shunda A (−6) nuqta B (−2) nuq- taga otadi (87- rasm). Demak, (−6) + 4 = −2. 2- m i s o l . −1 va −4 sonlari yigindisini toping. Y e c h i s h . Koordinata oqida A (−1) nuqtani belgilaymiz va uni chap tomonga 4 birlik siljitamiz. Shunda A(−1) nuqta B (−5) nuqtaga otadi (88- rasm). Demak, (−1) + (−4) = −5. A O 6 5 4 3 2 0 1 2 3 4 +4 (4 birlik ongga) 1 B 87 −4 (4 birlik chapga) A B O 5 4 3 2 0 1 1 88 Koordinata togri chizigi yordamida sonlarni qoshish va ayirish 9394 10 Matematika, 6 146 3- m i s o l . 2 va −2 sonlari yigin- disini toping. Y e c h i s h . Koordinata oqida A (2) nuqtani belgilaymiz va uni chap tomonga 2 birlik siljitamiz. Shunda A(2) nuqta hisob (koordinata) boshiga, yani O (0) nuqtaga otadi (89- rasm). Demak, 2 + (−2) = 0. Qarama-qarshi sonlar yigindisi nolga teng: n + (−n) = 0. 4- m i s o l . −4 va 0 sonlari yigindisini toping. Y e c h i s h . Koordinata oqida A (−4) nuqtani belgilaymiz va uni 0 soniga ozgartiramiz, 0 birlikka siljitamiz, yani −4 sonini ozgartirmaymiz, uni oz joyida, ozgarishsiz qoldiramiz. Demak, (−4) + 0 = −4. Songa nolni qoshish sonni ozgartirmaydi: k + + + + + 0 = = = = = k. 789. 1) k songa n sonni qoshish deganda nimani tushunasiz? 2) k songa musbat n sonni qoshganda k qanday ozgaradi? 3) k songa manfiy n sonni qoshganda k qanday ozgaradi? 4) k songa 0 ni qoshganda k ozgaradimi yoki yoqmi? 5) Qarama-qarshhi sonlar yigindisi nimaga teng? Koordinata togri chizigi yordamida sonlar yigindisini toping (790791): 790. 1) −1 va 3; 2) 3 va −5; 3) −3 va 7; 4) 1 va −6. 791. 1) 5 va 0; 2) 0 va −3; 3) 4 va −4; 4) 2 va 2. 792. Ifodaning qiymatini toping: 1) ((−8) + 8) + 3,2; 3) 0 + (4,5 + (−4,5)); 2) (−4,5) + ((−7) + 7); 4) ( ) ( ) ! ! − + + . 793. Koordinata togri chizigida a va a + 1 sonlar belgilangan (90- rasm). Shu oqda: 1) a + 3; 2) a + (−2); 3) a + (−1); 4) a + (−2,5); 5) ( ) = + − ; 6) = + nuqtalarni belgilang. a a + 1 −2 (2 birlik chapga) A O 1 1 2 0 89 90 ? 147 794. Havo temperaturasi −5 °C edi. Agar temperatura: 1) 5 °C ga; 2) −2 °C ga; 3) 6 °C ga; 4) −7 °C ga; 5) 0 °C ga ozgarsa, havo temperaturasi necha gradus boladi? Sonlarni qo- shishni koordinata oqi yordamida bajaring. 795. Koordinata togri chizigida a va a − 2 sonlar tasvirlangan (91- rasm). Shu oqda: 1) a + 2; 2) a + (−3); 3) a + (−1,5); 4) ( ) + − ! = ; 5) (a − 2) + 2,5; 6) (a − 2) + (−1,5) nuqtalarni belgilang. 796. a) Vertikal togri chiziqda A (−4) nuqtani belgilang. Ushbu: 1) (−4) + 2; 2) (−4) + 5; 3) (−4) + (−1); 4) (−4) + 4 yigin- dilarga mos keluvchi nuqtalarni belgilang. Songra vertikal togri chiziqda nuqtaning siljish qoidasini ifodalang. b) Yuqoridagiga oxshash topshiriqni oylab toping. Uni bajarishni yoningizdagi sinfdoshingizga taklif qiling. Top- shiriq qanday bajarilganini tekshirib koring. 797. Koordinata togri chizigida A nuqtaga a + 5, B nuqtaga esa a + (−5) son mos keladi. AB kesmaning ortasiga qaysi son mos keladi? 798. Qaysi sonlar: 1) 0 sonidan 3 birlikka; 3) −5 sonidan 5 birlikka; 2) −1 sonidan 7 birlikka; 4) −2 sonidan 2 birlikka uzoqlashgan? Ularni koordinata togri chizigida korsating. 799. Koordinata oqida C nuqtaga a + 7, D nuqtaga esa a + (−1) son mos keladi. CD kesmaning ortasiga qaysi son mos keladi? 800.Daftaringizga 92- rasmdagi A va B shakllarni chizib oling. Ularni tortta katakchadan tuzilgan 5 ta shaklchaga shun- day ajratingki, ular ong tomondagi shaklchani bersin. a − 2 a − 1 a 91 92 A B 148 801. 1) −a; 2) −(−a) son: a) musbat; b) manfiy; d) nol bolishi mumkinmi? 802. a musbat son, b manfiy son bolsin. Quyidagi tengsiz- liklardan qaysi biri togri, qaysi biri notogri? Qaysi savolga javob berish mumkin emas? Nima uchun? 1) a < 0; 3) b < 0; 5) −a < b; 7) a < b; 9) a < −b; 2) −a < 0; 4) −b < 0; 6) −a > b; 8) a > b; 10) −b < a. K o r s a t m a . a va b orniga mos sonlarni tanlang. 803. Qaysi holda −0,01; 0,001 va −0,101 sonlari osib borish tartibida joylashtirilgan? A) −0,01; −0,101; 0,001; D) −0,101; −0,01; 0,001; B) 0,001; −0,101; −0,01; E) 0,001; −0,01; −0,101. 804. Bolinmaning qiymatini qisqa yol bilan toping: 1) (2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7) : (2 ⋅ 7); 2) (2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 13) : (5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 13). Koordinata togri chizigi yordamida sonlar yigindisini toping (805806): 805. 1) −2 va 4; 2) 4 va −5; 3) −2 va −4; 4) − ! va ! . 806. 1) 0 va 3; 2) −2 va 2; 3) 0 va −7; 4) − ! va ! . 807. Bekatda avtobusdan 8 kishi tushdi va unga 5 kishi chiqdi. Avtobusdagi yolovchilar soni qanchaga ozgardi? 808. Ifodaning qiymatini toping: 1) ((−4) + 4) + 5,8; 2) (−3,7) + ((−6) + 6). 809. 1) −28,5 va 28,5; 2) −100 va 100; 3) −99 va 199 sonlari orasida nechta butun son bor? 810. Qanday shartlarda quyidagi tengliklar orinli boladi: 1) −a + b = −a; 2) −a + (−b) = −b; 3) a − b = a? 811. 1) −5 va 5; 2) − % va % ; 3) −4,8 va 4,8 sonlari qaysi sondan baravar uzoqlikda joylashgan? 812. Qaysi sonlar: 1) 0 sonidan 1 birlikka; 3) −2 sonidan 5 birlikka; 2) 1 sonidan 1 birlikka; 4) −3 sonidan 3 birlikka uzoqlashgan? Ularni koordinata togri chizigida korsa- ting. 149 9597 1- m i s o l . Yigindini toping: (−3) + (−5). Y e c h i s h . −3 < 0, # # = − ekani ravshan. ..., −9, −−−−−8 , −7, −6, −5, −4, −−−−−3 , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ... Butun sonlar qatorida −4 so- nidan boshlab chap tomonga qa- rab 5 ta sonni sanaymiz. Shunda sanash (−8) ga kelib toxtaydi, demak, (−3) + (−5) = −8. Bu jarayonni son oqida ham korsatish mumkin (93- rasm). Son oqida (−3) soniga mos keluvchi nuqtani belgilaymiz. Birlik kesmani shu nuqtadan boshlab chap tomonga oq yonalishiga qarama-qarshi tomonga 5 marta qoyamiz, shunda −8 soniga kelamiz. â 5 ta son chapga â 2- m i s o l . Havo temperaturasi −7 °C edi, u −3 °C ga ozgar- di, yani temperatura pasaydi, deylik. U holda temperatura (−7) + (−3) gradusga teng boladi. Koordinata togri chizigi yordamida sonlarni qoshish uchun A (−7) nuqtani 3 birlik chapga siljitish kerak. Shunda B (−10) nuqtaga kelamiz. Demak, (−7) + (−3) = −10. Shu bilan birga 7 + 3 = 10 va % % − = , ! ! − = ekaniga etibor bering. Bu misollardan shunday xulosaga kelish mumkin: Manfiy ishorali ikkita sonni qoshish uchun: 1- q a d a m : ularning modullarini qoshish; 2- q a d a m : hosil bolgan son oldiga minus « » ishorasini qoyish kerak. (− (− (− (− (− 1 3 ) + (− + (− + (− + (− + (− 2 7 ) ===== −−−−− 4 0 1 3 2 7 4 0 +++++ 93 3 dan boshlab birlik kesmani 5 marta chapga O 9 8 7 6 5 3 2 1 0 1 4 2 Manfiy ishorali sonlarni qoshish 150 813. 1) Manfiy sonlarni qoshish qoidasini ayting. 2) Manfiy sonlarni qoshish natijasida nol hosil bolishi mumkinmi? 3) Manfiy sonlarni qoshishni butun sonlar qatorida va koordinata togri chizigida tushuntiring. 814. −3 soni −8 ga ozgardi. Hosil bolgan son hisob boshidan qaysi tomonda boladi? Hisob boshidan hosil bolgan son- gacha bolgan masofa nechaga teng? −3 va −8 sonlarining yigindisi nechaga teng? 815. Qish kunlarining birida tunning birinchi yarmida tempe- ratura −8 °C ga, ikkinchi yarmida esa −6 °C ga ozgardi. Shu tunda temperatura necha gradusga ozgargan? Qoshishni bajaring (816818): 816. 1) −12 + (−8); 2) −21 + (−11); 3) −17 + (−13). 817. 1) −1,7 + (−1,3); 2) −2,8 + (−3,2); 3) −8,4 + (−1,6). 818. 1) ( ) − + − % & & ; 2) ( ) − + − " ' ! ; 3) ( ) − + − ! ! . 819. Togri tengsizlik hosil bolishi uchun ( ∗ ) orniga « > » yoki « < » belgilardan qaysinisini qoyish kerak: 1) −12 + (−15) ∗ −29; 2) −18 + (−17) ∗ −34? 820. Agar: 1) a = −2,5 va b = −3,5; 2) a = 0,53 va b = −3,53; 3) a = 7,7 va b = 2,3 bolsa, −a + (−b) ifodaning qiymatini toping. 821. Kop nuqta orniga shunday sonni tanlangki, natijada togri tenglik hosil bolsin: 1) −5 + ... = −20; 3) −5 + ... = 20; 2) −5 + ... = −3; 4) −5 + ... = 3. 822. Taqqoslang va tengsizlik yoki tenglik belgisini qoying: 1) (−14) + (−9) va −(14 + 9); 3) −((−3,5) + 7) va 3,5 + 7; 2) (−180) + (−19) va −(180 + 20); 4) ( ) ( ) " ! & − − − va − ! " & . Ifodaning qiymatini toping (823825): 823. 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ! " " # % % ' ' % ! − + − + − + − ; 3) ( ) ( ) ( ) ! # ! ! # + − − + − ; 2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) % " & " " ! + − + − − + − ; 4) ( ) ( ) ( ) ! $ + − − + − . 824. 1) (−8 + (−12)) + (−1 + (−9)); 2) (−38 + (−11)) + (−2 + (−29)). ? 151 A B 825. 1) (−2,375 + (−3,625)) + (−0,8 + (−3,2)); 3) −6,31 + (−1,19); 2) (−0,324 + (−0,48)) + (−0,3 + (−0,623)); 4) −2,62 + (−5,38). 826. Tortta shaklning uchta kvadratda joylanishidagi qonuni- yatni aniqlang (94- rasm). Bu qonuniyatning davomi sifa- tida tortinchi kvadratdagi bosh kataklarga shakllarni mos ravishda joylashtiring. 827. Mamura va Manzura bir xil raqamlardan tuzilgan biror olti xonali sonning hamma turli tub boluvchilari yigin- disini hisoblashdi. Yigindi Mamurada 70, Manzurada esa 80 chiqqan. Ularning qaysi biri xato qilganini topa olasizmi? Xulosa chiqaring. 828. A dan B gacha qaysi yol qisqa (95- rasm)? 829. Tengliklardan qaysi biri notogri? A) −(−5) = 5; B) +(−5) = −5; D) −(+5) = −5; E) +(−5) = 5. 830. Togri tengsizlikni korsating: A) −5 > 2; B) −20 < −40; D) −48 < − 36; E) −12 > −13. Qoshishni bajaring (831833): 831. 1) −54 + (−16); 2) −9 + (−31); 3) −55 + (−45). 832. 1) −4,5 + (−3,5); 2) −1,5 + (−7,3); 3) −2,76 + (−1,24). 833. 1) ( ) − + − ! " % % ! ; 2) ( ) − + − # $ $ % ; 3) ( ) − + − ! " % " . Ifodaning qiymatini toping (834835): 834. 1) (−92 + (−8)) + (−2 + (−8)); 2) (−73 + (−17)) + (−3 + (−97)). 835. 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) # $ ! " % % $ − + − + − + − ; 3) ( ) ( ) ( ) # # ' % % & ! + − − + − ; 2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' & " " % % # # # " " − + − + − + − ; 4) ( ) ( ) ( ) " # ' ' ! $ ! + − + − − . 94 95 152 98100 Musbat va manfiy sonlarni qoshish natural va kasr sonlar- dagi kabi orin almashtirish va guruhlash qonunlariga boy- sunadi. Ixtiyoriy a, b va c musbat yoki manfiy sonlar uchun a +++++ b ===== b +++++ a (orin almashtirish qonuni); (a +++++ b) +++++ c ===== a +++++ (((((b +++++ c) (guruhlash qonuni) tengliklar orinli boladi. Bir necha qoshiluvchilarning yigindisini topishda qoshish- ning bu qonunlari yordamida amallarni qulay tartibda bajarib, hisoblashlarni osonlashtirish mumkin. Turli ishorali bir necha sonni qoshish uchun musbat va manfiy sonlar hamda qarama-qarshi sonlar alohida-alohida qoshiladi. Shundan song hosil bolgan natijalar qoshiladi. 1- m i s o l . −7 + (−18) = −25, shuningdek, −18 + (−7) = −25. Demak, −7 + (−18) = −18 + (−7). 2- m i s o l . (13 + (−17)) + (−16) = −4 + (−16) = −20, shuningdek, 13 + ((−17) + (−16)) = 13 + (−33) = −20. 3- m i s o l . 3,5 + (−2,6) + 4,6 + (−5,9) = (3,5 + 4,6) + ((−2,6) + + (−5,9)) = 8,1 + (−8,5) = −0,4. Bu yerda dastlab alohida-alohida musbat sonlarni hisobladik. 4- m i s o l . 3,5 5,4 ( 4,2) ( 3,5) 4,2 (3,5 ( 3,5)) + + − + − + = + − + " " "" ! 0 5,4 (( 4,2) 4,2) 5,4. + + − + = " " "" ! Bu yerda qarama-qarshi sonlarning yigindisi nolga teng bolgani uchun ularni alohida-alohida guruhladik. Bunday hol- larda mos qarama-qarshi sonlar tagiga bir xil chiziqchalar chiziladi, ular keyingi hisoblash jarayonida yozilmasa ham boladi bu bilan yozuvlar ixchamlashadi. 5- m i s o l . Yigindini toping: (−4) + (+6). Y e c h i s h . +6 > 0, 6 6 + = va " " − = ekani ravshan. Butun sonlar qatorida (−3) sonidan boshlab ong tomonga qarab 6 ta sonni sanaymiz. Shunda sanash (+2) soniga kelib toxtaydi, demak, (−4) + (+6) = +2 = 2. J a v o b : 2. Har xil ishorali sonlarni qoshish 153 â 6 ta son ongga â ..., −5, −−−−−4 , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, ... Bu misolda musbat qoshiluvchining moduli katta edi, shu- ning uchun ham yigindi natija musbat son chiqdi. (−4) + (+6) yigindini koordinata togri chizigida topishni ozingizga havola qilamiz. Bunda birlik kesma oq yonalishida koordinatasi (−4) bol- gan nuqtadan boshlab 6 marta qoyiladi. 6- m i s o l . Yigindini toping: (+2) + (−5). Y e c h i s h .− 5 < 0 va # # − = bolgani uchun butun sonlar qa- torida 1 sonidan boshlab chap tomonga qarab 5 ta sonni sanaymiz. Shunda sanash (−3) soniga kelib toxtaydi, demak, (+2) + (−5) = −3. J a v o b : −3. ..., −6, −5, −4, −−−−− 3 , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, ... 2- misolda manfiy qoshiluvchining moduli katta edi, shu- ning uchun ham yigindi natija manfiy son chiqdi. 1- va 2- misollardan shunday xulosaga kelamiz. Har xil ishorali va modullari teng bolmagan ikkita sonni qoshish uchun: 1- qa d a m: moduli kattadan moduli kichigini ayirish; 2- qa d a m: ayirma oldiga moduli katta qoshiluvchi isho- rasini qoyish kerak. 1- va 2- misollarda kordikki, avval yigindining ishorasi aniq- lanadi va yoziladi, songra modullar ayirmasi topiladi. + + + + + 2 7 > > > > > −−−−− 1 3 (− (− (− (− (− 1 3 ) + (+ + (+ + (+ + (+ + (+ 2 7 ) ===== +++++ 1 4 2 7 1 3 1 4 −−−−− − − − − − 2 7 > > > > > +++++ 1 3 (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ 1 3 ) + (− + (− + (− + (− + (− 2 7 ) ===== −−−−− 1 4 2 7 1 3 1 4 −−−−− â â 5 ta son chapga 154 7- m i s o l . Yigindini toping: (+5) + (−5). Y e c h i s h . −5 < 0 va # # − = bolgani uchun ..., −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 7, ... Butun sonlar qatorida 4 sonidan boshlab chap tomonga qa- rab 5 ta sonni sanaymiz. Shunda sanash 0 soniga kelib toxtaydi, demak, (+5) + (−5) = 0. J a v o b : 0. Umuman, ixtiyoriy n soni uchun n + 0 = n; −n + 0 = −n. 836. 1) Qoshishning orin almashtirish va guruhlash qonunlari qanday ifodalanadi? Ularning harflar yordamidagi ifodasini yozing. 2) Qoshish qonunlari yordamida hisoblashni qanday oson- lashtirish mumkin? 3) Har xil ishorali butun sonlarni qoshish qoidalarini ayting. 4) Qarama-qarshi sonlar yigindisi nechaga teng? 5) Son va nolning yigindisi nimaga teng? 837. (Ogzaki.) Qoshish qonunlaridan foydalanib hisoblang: 1) −6 + 23 + (−23); 2) −24 + (−16 + (−39)); 3) 15 + 25 + (−10). Qulay usul bilan hisoblang (838839): 838. 1) −12 + (−13) + (−17); 3) −4,8 + (−5,2) + (−10); 2) 19 + (−29) + (−36); 4) −6,2 + (−1,8) + (−8). 839. 1) −9,2 + 5,4 + (−3,6); 3) −5,3 + (−2,2) + (−4,7) + (−3,8); 2) −0,4 + (−8,01) + (−6,6); 4) 8,1 + (−4,3) + (−8,1) + (−1,9). 840. Agar: 1) a = −34, b = 17, c = −16; 2) a = 2,3, b = −1,9, c = −3,4; 3) a = −11,8, b = −20, c = −7,2 bolsa, a + b + c ifodaning son qiymatini toping. 841. Yigindini hisoblang: 1) −1 + 2 + (−3) + 4 + (−5) + 6 + (−7) + 8 + (−9) + 10; 2) 1 + (−2) + 3 + (−4) + 5 + (−6) + 7 + (−8) + 9 + (−10); 3) −1 + (−2) + (−3) + (−4) + (−5) + (−6) + (−7) + (−8) + (−9). 842. Bir xil qoshiluvchilar yigindisini hisoblang: 1) −3 + (−3) + (−3) + (−3) + (−3) + (−3) + (−3) + (−3) + (−3) + (−3); 2) −7 + (−7) + (−7) + (−7) + (−7) + (−7) + (−7) + (−7) + (−7); 3) ta qoshiluvchi # # ... # # − + − + + − + − """""" """"""! . â 5 ta son chapga â ? 155 843. Tenglik togri bolishi uchun nechta qoshiluvchini qo- shish kerak: 1) −2 + (−2) + ... + (−2) = −20; 3) −8 + (−8) + ... + (−8) = −64; 2) −5 + (−5) + ... + (−5) = −45; 4) −9 + (−9) + ... + (−9) = −81. 844. Boboning bir qadami uzunligi 60 sm ga teng. Nabiraning bir qadami bobosi qadamining 2 3 qismiga teng. Togri tortbur- chak shaklidagi bogning enini bobo 150 qadamda, boyini na- birasi 175 qadamda otadi. Bogning perimetri va yuzini toping (96- rasm). Qoshishni bajaring (845847): 845. 1) (+3) + (−3); 3) (−4) + (−6); 5) (+18) + (−17); 2) (−10) + (+10); 4) (−9) + (+9); 6) (+1) + (−6). 846. 1) (−8,5) + (+1,5); 3) (+4,8) + (−5,2); 5) (−9,2) + (+1,8); 2) (−7,5) + (+2,5); 4) (+7,3) + (−1,3); 6) (−9,5) + (+5,5). 847. 1) ( ) ( ) − + + 11 11 13 13 2 1 ; 2) ( ) ( ) 1 5 9 18 3 + + − ; 3) ( ) ( ) 7 13 12 24 5 + + − . 848. Jadvalni toldiring: Musbat Manfiy Sonli Sonli ifoda qoshi- qoshi- ifodaning luvchilar luvchilar qiymati yigindisi yigindisi 20 + (−13) + (−7) + 10 30 −20 10 25 + (−18) + 3 + (−15) (−40) + 48 + (−15) + 12 (−17) + (−20) + 10 + 14 (−175) + 75 + (−100) + 50 849. Sonni mumkin bolsa: 1) ikkita manfiy; 2) musbat va manfiy Download 4.24 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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