A s lightly m odified
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- max (* perfectly A ) Partial : dirty, sick, wet, late, early, nervous. Relative
+min ( slightly A) min (*slightly A) Total: full, empty, closed, opaque. +max ( perfectly A) Partial: open, transparent. Total: clean, healthy, dry, calm. max (*perfectly A) Partial: dirty, sick, wet, late, early, nervous. Relative: long, short, small, narrow, shallow, ugly, inexpensive, young, tall, wide, deep, beautiful, expensive, old. 168 W. Sassoon (11) a. slightly Gx.d s(G), G(d)(x). b. perfectly Gx.d = s(G), G(d)(x). (12) a. presupposition: d 1 ,d 2 : d 1 > s(G) > d 2 , i.e. s(G) can be any non zero, non-maximal d. b. presupposition: s(G) = max(G). Such an analysis can draw on Klein’s (1980) account of relative modifiers like very, and state that minimizers as in slightly full and maximizers as in completely full set the comparison class to be the adjective denotation. On such an account, minimizers and maximizers refer to the minimal and maximal elements in the denotation, not in the entire scale, e.g., they refer to the least full and fullest instances, respectively, among the full entities. This account is compatible with the idea of minimum and maximum standards, assuming Lewis’s (1979) notion of granularity based standard of precision, and Krifka’s (2002, 2007) approach to numerals and rounding, whereby complex scalar expressions are interpreted relative to scales of finer-grained granularity than simple scalar expressions, and therefore the former are assigned more precise interpretations. Thus, on such an analysis, the denotation of dirty consists of minimally dirty entities, presupposing a default standard of precision (coarse granularity level) g, whereby, e.g., a few grains of dust on an object are ignorable, meaning that such objects are considered to be exactly as clean as objects which are completely free of dirt in normal contexts. However, modification of an adjective introduces a shift to scales of finer granularity – we zoom into the denotation and observe differences we previously ignored. Thus, the denotation of the complex expression slightly dirty consists of minimally dirty entities presupposing a finer granularity than the default one, and therefore a pedantic standard of precision g p – every dust grain counts; a few grains of dust on an object turn it dirtier than dust free entities, and therefore it classifies as dirty. (13a) presents the interpretation of slightly dirty on this account. (13) a. [dirty] g [dirty] g p = [slightly dirty] g . b. [completely full] g = [full] g p [full] g . Similarly, as (13b) shows, the denotation of full consists of maximally full entities presupposing a default standard of precision g (coarse granularity level), whereby, e.g., a few missing drops in a full glass are ignorable, meaning that in that context such glasses are considered to be as full as they can normally be. However, with maximizers we zoom into the denotation and observe differences we previously ignored. Thus, the denotation of the complex expression completely full consists of maximally full entities presupposing a pedantic standard of precision g p – every missing drop counts. Now a few missing drops in a glass render it less full than it can be, and therefore it classifies as not full. We assumed that entities that are indistinguishable with respect to a coarse-grained precision level (e.g. a half full glass and a glass with one more drop) are mapped to the same degree (Lewis 1979; van Rooij 2009). Formally: (14) For any two degree functions g,g p D xd , g p is finer-grained than g, g g p iff x,yD x , (g(x) = g(y)) & (g p (x) = g p (y)), but not v.v. x,yD x , (g p (x) = g p (y)) & (g(x) = g(y)). Stable Properties Have Non-stable Standards 169 An advantage of this analysis over the more standard analysis in (6) is that it discerns between the semantics of modified adjectives and that of bare adjectives, while also explaining the relations between them. Thus, e.g., two similar glasses filled with an amount of wine differing in but few drops are indistinguishable relative to g (they fall under [equally full] g ), but distinguishable relative to g p (they fall under [fuller] gp ). A total adjective like full denotes maximally full entities presupposing coarse granularity level g as stated in (15a). A few missing drops in a full glass are ignorable – such glasses are considered to be as full as they can be. By contrast, the maximized total adjective form completely full denotes maximally full entities, presupposing finer granularity g p , as stated in (15b). A few missing drops in a glass render it less full than it can be, and thus not full. Since g p is finer than g, it follows g p assigns fewer entities the same degree, e.g. fewer entities are mapped to a degree identical to the maximum ( = g = gp ). Thus, (15b) is stronger than (15a). It becomes harder for an object to count as full as it can be. (15) a. [G total ] g = x. g(x) = max(g) b. [completely G] g = x. g p (x) = max(g p ), for g p finer than g. c. [G Download 0.49 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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