Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
Accounting for Managers
54 Know Your Audience Who are the customers for these financial statements and what uses will they make of them? That’s a very broad question. Managers use them internally to gauge and guide management decisions. Interested external parties could include the following: • Current or potential investors evaluating the firm’s prospects • Creditors deciding whether or not to lend money • Investment advisors and economists forecasting the future prospects for the company or the industry • Customers evaluating you for your ability to complete long-term assignments • Tax authorities monitoring compliance • News media reporting on business and the economy • Competitors wanting to know your strategies Public financial statements generate a lot of interest and scrutiny. People invest a lot of time and treasure in the results. Is there any wonder people get upset when they get bogus information? Webster03.qxd 8/29/2003 5:32 PM Page 54 A lot of that cash is going to investing activities. Investments are the power tools, shop buildings, and office equipment needed to get things started. It doesn’t matter if you are buying them outright or financing them, you’ll have to account for them. How you chose to pay for your assets will affect your cash flow. Which path you choose will depend on several variables—amount, interest rate, expected payback time, and forecast of future cash flows. If you chose to use debt financing, the financing activities section is where you’ll record the loan proceeds. This section also shows the gozintas and gozoutas of cash to the owners through stock purchases, dividend payments, or shareholder loans. Many companies are woefully undercapitalized, sometimes by owner intent, often through ignorance of the need. To be competitive, business owners and managers must continually plan to keep the cash flowing into the company. The U. S. Small Business Administration names ineffective cash flow manage- ment as one of the top reasons why firms fail. There are two methods used to present statement of cash flows information, the indirect method (as in Table 3-3) and the direct method. The methods are different in their treatment of operating activities only. Most companies use the indirect method, because it’s easier. Most banks prefer the direct method, as it provides more information. The indirect method does not report the operating cash flows. Instead, the operating activities section reconciles net income and net operating cash flows. You start with the net income from your income statement. You then adjust this accrual amount for items that do not affect cash flows. There are three basic types of adjustments in the operating activities section. The first involves non-cash outlays, such as deprecia- tion or amortization. Then, adjust for gains and loses on trans- actions reported in other sections of the statement of cash flows. Finally, convert all current operating assets and liabilities from the accrual to the cash basis. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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