ment of a going concern, several ratios have been developed to
dissect profits.
Gross Profit Margin (GPM)
The gross profit margin subtracts the costs of goods sold as a
measure of sales to give the first indication of how much profit
is left to cover overhead and other cash items. Calculate GPM
using the prior four quarters.
gross profit margin =
(sales – cost of goods sold)
sales
A high GPM suggests that the firm has good cost manage-
ment controls of its operations. A high GPM indicates that a
business can make a reasonable profit on sales, as long as it
keeps overhead costs in control. If business is slow and profits
are weak, a high margin could indicate overpricing. A low GPM,
especially relative to industry norms, could indicate underpric-
ing. In general, the GPM should be stable, not fluctuating much
from period to period, unless the industry has been undergoing
changes that affect the costs of goods sold or pricing policies.
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
The operating profit margin indicates how effective a company
is at controlling the costs and expenses of its operations. The
remaining deductions are interest and taxes.
operating profit margin =
EBIT
sales
Like GPM, the higher the OPM, the more pricing flexibility a
company has in its operations. This pricing flexibility provides
greater safety during tough economic times. A higher OPM
could also be a sign of the degree of cost control management.
Net Profit Margin (NPM)
Net profit margin is one of the key performance indicators. The
higher the net profit margin, the more effectively the company
is converting revenue into profit. The NPM measures the profits
available to shareholders after deducting interest and taxes.
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