Agricultural value chains activity in uzbekistan
Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment
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Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment
According to the official statistical data, the employment among women is lower than among man, but their share in the structure of formal employment remained stable at 44% in 2001-2006. Trends in the distribution of employees in selected labour markets show that women dominated mostly in: health care, social security and education labour market sectors. It also shows that in all the categories female employment decreased (Figure 2). 3 Currently the position of Deputy Prime-Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Chairman of the Women’s Committee of Uzbekistan is held by Basitkhanova Elmira Irkinova. Source: gov.uz (March 2016) ` USAID.GOV AVC UZBEKISTAN FY2019 QUARTER 3 REPORT | 6 Figure 2: Trends in the Distribution of Employees by Selected Labor Market Sector (%) 4 . Women either occupy low-paid positions of the budget sector, or are involved in unqualified low- paid jobs in informal labor markets. The impact of transition on gender aspects of rural development included specific features of rural labour market - low level of employment and economic activity of women, which in many respects was related to women’s lack of professional and nonproductive education (Alimdjanova 2009). There is growth of both open and latent female unemployment in rural areas, which takes a form of refusal from the search for a job (so called “disappointed unemployed”). Women also make up a disproportionately large share of the country’s unpaid care work. As such, general trends of employment (Figure 3) summarized for all sectors of the economy in Uzbekistan show significant gender gaps taking into account the almost equal division of population from which women made 50.3% (www.stat.uz 2015). 4 State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. 2010. Women and Men of Uzbekistan 2004–2007. [In Russian]. Tashkent. p. 157 and State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. 2012. Women and Men of Uzbekistan 2007– 2010. Tashkent. Table 4.6. p. 159. 7 | AVC UZBEKISTAN FY2019 QUARTER 3 REPORT USAID.GOV Figure 3: Number of workers and employees by gender in the Republic of Uzbekistan (2007-2013) in %. The agricultural sector of Uzbekistan made about 15.4% of the GDP in 2015 and is a source of employment for more than one fourth of the labour force. The agricultural sector has gone through structural changes which included the implementation of land distribution and privatization reforms. The reforms in agriculture still continue with the most recent President’s decree ‘2460’ issued on the 29th of December 2015 “On measures of further reforms and development of the agricultural sector for the period of 2016-2020. New measures project that by 2020 the total area under cotton will be reduced by 170, 5 thousand hectares (13 percent compared to 2013) and 50 thousand hectares of grain crops (4 percent compared to 2013). While there are no legal restriction for women in owning or having access to land use, the land division and privatization schemes have been benefiting primarily men, resulting in fewer opportunities for women to acquire land-lease rights, even though women represent a large proportion of the agricultural workforce 5 . Within households men are considered to be the heads and the main decision makers and owners of land rights. According to surveys conducted in Fergana Valley provinces (Styling 2015) “around 80 percent of male and female respondents in the areas think that only the men: have access to farm machinery; have access to the market; have priority in obtaining a credit; possesses the right of land use and water use; take decisions on the farm’s (except kitchen gardens) cropping pattern; has real access to sales”. Nevertheless, Mamarasulov et al. (2010) indicate that the portion of women led farms in Uzbekistan is about 4%, which is 2,710 women led farms out of 66,134 farms in total (Table 1). 5 Lastarria-Cornhiel, S. and Z. Garcia-Frias. 2005. Return to patriarchy in Uzbekistan. In Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2005. Gender and land compendium of country studies. Rome: FAO. pp. 119–121. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/a0297e/a0297e00.pdf |
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