Air stream mechanism State of glottis

Classification of wovel and consonant sounds

Consonants

Egressive Pulmonic Consonantal Sound

Consonants

Consonants can be classified on the basis of

Air stream mechanism

State of glottis

The position of the soft palate

Points of articulation

• The manner of articulation

Places of articulation

• Movement of the tongue and lips can create these constrictions and by forming the oral cavity in different ways, different sounds can be produced.

Bilabial

• When producing a [b], [p] or [m], articulation is done by bringing both lips together.

Labiodental

[f] and [v] are also used with the lips.

• They, however, are also articulated by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth.

Interdental

[0] and [/] are both spelled as “th”.

They are pronounced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth.

(0 as in think)

• (ð as in the)

Alveolar

• [t][d][n][s][z][1][r) are produced in many ways where the tongue is raised towards the alveolar ridge.

Palatal

• [S] [3] [ts] [d3] [j] are produced by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate.

Velar

• [k][g][n] are produced by raising the back part of the tongue to the soft palate or the velum.

Uvular

• [R][q] these sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula. The ‘r’ in French is often a uvular trill (symbolized by [R]). The uvular sounds [q] occur in Arabic. These do not normally occur in English.

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