Aleksandr Deineka (1899-1969) : an avant-garde for the proletariat
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6 Foreword Fundación Juan March 2
4 Aleksandr Deineka (1899 – 1969). A Life in the Country of the Soviets 11
Aleksander Deineka: the Mimesis of a Utopia (1913 – 53) Manuel Fontán del Junco 30 Aleksandr Deineka: A One-Man Biography of Soviet Art Christina Kiaer 56
Ekaterina Degot 68
Boris Groys 76
Fredric Jameson 84
96
– 40) Irina Leytes 136
234 Underground Explorations in the Synthesis of the Arts: Deineka in Moscow’s Metro Alessandro De Magistris 239
Boris Groys 249
254 Contents Fundación Juan March Documents Between the Avant-Garde and Socialist Realism (1913 – 64) Selection by Manuel Fontán del Junco 310
I. Russian Avant-Garde, Revolutionary Art and Socialist Realism, 1913–35 Texts, Manifestos and Documents 312
Victory over the Sun, 313 / (D2) Nikolai Fedorov: The Museum, its Meaning and Purpose, 321 / 1916 (D3) Aleksei Kruchenykh: The Biography of the Moon, 322 / 1917 (D4) The Union “Freedom for Art”: An Appeal, 323 / (D5) For Revolution. An Appeal, 324 / 1918 (D6) Osip Brik: The Artist-Proletarian, 324 / (D7) Natan Al’tman: “Futurism” and Proletarian Art, 325 / 1919 (D8) Viktor Shklovskii – Nikolai Punin: Communism and Futurism, 326 / (D9) Kazimir Malevich: On the Museum, 327 / (D10) Komfut Program Declaration, 329 / (D11) Boris Kushner: “The Divine Work of Art” Polemics, 330 / 1920 (D12) Anatolii Lunacharskii: Theses on Art Policy, 331 / (D13) Anatolii Lunacharskii and Iuvenal Slavinskii: Basic Policy in the Field of Art, 331 / (D14) Anatolii Lunacharskii: Revolution and Art, 332 / (D15) David Shterenberg: Our Task, 334 / 1921 (D16) Velimir Khlebnikov: The Radio of the Future, 335 / 1922 (D17) Aleksei Gan: Constructivism, 337 / (D18) AKhRR: Declaration of the Association of Artist of Revolutionary Russia, 339 / 1923 (D19) Ivan Kliun: A New Optimism, 340 / (D20) Sergei Tret’iakov: From Where to Where? Futurism’s Perspectives, 341 / (D21) Nikolai Tarabukin: From the Easel to the Machine, 345 / (D22) LEF: Declaration: Comrades, Organizers of Life!, 349 / (D23) Lev Trotsky: Revolutionary and Socialist Art, 350 / (D24) Aleksandr Vesnin, Anton Lavinskii, Liubov Popova and Aleksandr Rodchenko: On the Question of the Organization of a Production Workshop at VKhUTEMAS, 351 / 1924 (D25) Sergei Sen’kin and Gustavs Klucis: The Workshop of Revolution, 353 / (D26) AKhRR: The Immediate Tasks of AKhRR, 353 / (D27)
Valerian Murav’ev: Mastering Time as the Fundamental Goal of the Organization of Labor, 354 / (D28) Statements from the Catalogue of the “First Discussional Exhibition of the Active Revolutionary Art Associations,” 356 / (D29) Aleksei Fedorov-Davydov: The Artistic Life of Moscow, 358 / (D30) OST Platform, 359 / 1925 (D31) E. Beskin: Again about the Easel, the Painting, the Chair and VKhUTEMAS, 363 / (D32) Boris Arvatov: Reaction in Painting, 364 / (D33) Boris Arvatov: AKhRR at the Factory, 364 / (D34) Nikolai Tarabukin: Inventiveness in the Poster, 365 / 1926 (D35) Boris Arvatov: On the Reorganization of the Artistic Faculties of VKhUTEMAS, 368 / 1927 (D36) Aleksandr Bogdanov: The Struggle for Viability, 369 / (D37) Sergei Tret’iakov: How to Celebrate the Tenth, 371 / 1928 (D38) Aaron Zal’kind: The Psychology of the Person of the Future, 372 / (D39) Aleksandr Rodchenko: A Caution!, 373 – Boris Kushner: Fulfilling a Request, 374 / (D40) AKhR: Declaration of the Association of Artists of the Revolution, 375 / (D41) Boris Arvatov: A New Association of Artistic Labor in Moscow, 376 / (D42) October: Association of New Forms of Artistic Labor Declaration, 376 / (D43) Alfred Kurella: The Reconstruction of Artistic Life in the USSR, 379 / (D44) Iakov Tugenkhol’d: Art and Contemporaneity, 380 / (D45) A. Mikhailov: Cinema and Painting, 381 / 1929 (D46) A. Mikhailov: Why do We Need Fresco?, 382 / (D47) F. Nevezhin and D. Mirlas: Soviet Monumental Painting, 382 / (D48) D. Mirlas: At the Factory, 383 / 1930 (D49) The Shock Brigade of AKhR: For New Methods of Work, 384 / (D50) Durus, A. I. Gutnov and F. Tagirov: On the Upcoming Soviet Exhibition of the October Group in Berlin, 385 / 1931 (D51) Dmitrii Moor: It is Necessary to Study Poster Design, 386 / (D52) Resolution of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) about Poster-Picture Agitation and Propaganda, 386 / 1932 (D53) Resolution on the Reconstruction of Literary and Artistic Organizations, 387 / 1934 (D54) Contributions to the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, 388 / 1935 (D55) Discussion by the Art Commission of the Cooperative “The Artist” about the Painting Old and New by Solomon Nikritin, 390 II. Texts by Aleksandr Deineka, 1918–64 392
1918 (D56) The Art of Our Days, 393 / 1934 (D57) On the Question of Monumental Art, 393 / 1936 (D58) Autobiographical Sketch, 394 / 1940 (D59) Vladimir Vladimirovich, 395 / 1946 (D60) Art and Sport, 397 / 1956 (D61) About Modernity in Art, 398 / 1957 (D62) Conversation about a Beloved Matter, 399 / 1964 (D63) A Living Tradition, 400 III. Texts about Aleksandr Deineka, 1957 402
(D64) Evgenii Kibrik: The Artist of Modernity, 403 / (D65) Iurii Pimenov: The Artist’s Path, 404 Exhibitions 408
Bibliography 414
Glossary of Acronyms 424
Index of Periodical Publications 428
Catalogue of Works on Exhibition 430
Credits 436
FJM Exhibition Catalogues and Other Publications 438
Fundación Juan March 8 Fundación Juan March Fundación Juan March 10 Fundación Juan March 1899 May 20 [May 8 OS]. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Deineka is born in Kursk to a family of railway workers. His father, Aleksandr Filaretovich Deineka (1872–1927), was responsible for overseeing the trains at Kursk II station. Birth of the writers Andrei Platonov (September 1 [August 20 OS]) and Vladimir Nabokov (April 22 [April 10 OS]), and the third child of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra, Maria Nikolaevna Ro- manova, Grand Duchess of Russia (June 26 [June 14 OS]).
Paris, Russia participates for the first time in the modern era Olympic Games. The Russian team does not win any medals. 1903 September 25 [September 12 OS]. The artist Mark Rothko (née Marcus Rothkowitz) is born in the city of Dvinsk, Russia.
so-Japanese War, which ends in September 1905. July 15 [July 2 OS]. The writer Anton Chekov dies in Badenweiler, Germany. This chronology was drawn up by Iana Zabiaka and María Zozaya on the basis of the one prepared by Natalia Alexandrova, Elena Voronovich (State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow), Andrei Gubko, Anna Grigorieva and Tatiana Iudkevich (Interrosa publishing program) for Deineka. Zhivopis’ [Deineka. Painting], eds. I. Ostarkova and I. Lebedeva (Moscow: Interrosa, 2010). It was revised by Christina Kiaer.
In the nineteenth century, the Julian calendar, used by Russia, was twelve days behind the Gregorian calendar (by then used by most of the Western world) until March 1, 1900, when it became thirteen days behind. Russia continued to use the Julian calendar until January 31, 1918, when it adopted the Gregorian calendar, changing its date to February 14, 1918.
In this timeline, dates are in the Gregorian “New Style” followed by Julian “Old Style” dates in square brackets [XX] until the change on January 31, 1918. Thereafter, all dates are in the Gregorian.
Fundación Juan March 12 1905 January 22 [January 9 OS]. Bloody Sunday in Saint Petersburg. The Russian Revolution begins. Several parts of the country are in a state of political tur- moil, leading to the establishment of a limited con- stitutional monarchy with an assembly of people’s representatives called the State Duma. 1906 May 6 [April 23 OS]. Russia’s first constitution, known as the Fundamental Laws, is enacted on the eve of the opening of the First State Duma.
Dmitrii Shostakovich is born in Saint Petersburg. 1907 August 31 [August 18 OS]. The Anglo-Russian Entente is signed in Saint Petersburg, resolving the countries’ colonial disputes over Persia, Afghani- stan and Tibet. 1909 May 19 [May 6 OS]. The first Ballets Russes season opens at Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. 1910 November 20 [November 7 OS]. The writer Lev Tolstoi dies in Astapovo, Russia. 1911 July 21 [July 8 OS]. Mendel’ Beilis is arrested for the murder of a Christian boy and is accused of blood libel and ritual murder. The trial proper is held in Kiev from September 28 to October 28, 1913, whereby Beilis is acquitted. Oborona Sevastopolia (The Defense of Sevastopol), the first feature film made in Russia on the subject of the Crimean War of 1854, directed by Vasilii Goncharov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov, premieres at Livadia, Tsar Nicholas II’s palace in Yalta. 1912 May 5 [April 22 OS]. Pravda, a newspaper aimed at Russian workers, is launched by the Bolsheviks. It would later become the off icial newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union/CPSU (KPSS) between 1918 and 1991. June 30 [June 17 OS]. The Russian national foot- ball team first takes part in the Olympic Games at Stockholm. It joins the FIFA later in the year.
opera with libretto by Aleksei Kruchenykh and music by Mikhail Matiushin, Pobeda nad solntsem (Victory over the Sun) [cat. 2, 3], premieres at Luna Park Theatre in Saint Petersburg. Malevich de- signed the set and costumes for the opera, based on a prologue by Velimir Khlebnikov. The founder of futurism, Marinetti, visits Moscow and is booed by the futurists, accused of being a bourgeois artist. Kazimir Malevich develops suprematism, the foun- dations of which are presented in his 1915 manifes- to
From Cubism and Futurism to Suprematism. 1914 Deineka attends the N.1 high school in Kursk and pays frequent visits to the painting workshop man- aged by the artists V. Golikov, M. Iakimenko-Zabuga and A. Poletiko. “Looking back at my childhood, I was always drawing, trying to turn my impressions and observations into drawings . . . To me drawing was as important as swimming in the river, riding on a sled or playing with children my age” (A. Deineka, On My Working Practice [Moscow, 1961], 5). June 28 [June 15 OS]. The assassination of Arch- duke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife So- phie, Duchess of Hohenberg, by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip precipitates Austria’s declaration of war against Serbia and the subsequent outbreak of the First World War. July 28 [July 15 OS]. First World War begins August 31 [August 18 OS]. With Russia’s entry into the war, Saint Petersburg is renamed Petrograd to remove the German cognate “burg” from the name of the city. 1915 March. Tramway V: The First Futurist Painting Exhibition takes place in Petrograd.
ation becomes critical in Russia when Tsar Nicholas II assumes supreme command of the Russian Army and leaves the government in the hands of his wife Alexandra.
Last Futurist Exhibition 0.10, Malevich refers to his work, for the first time, as the “suprematism of painting.” 1916 Deineka concludes his studies in Kursk. He receives a copy of Don Quixote as a reward for his academic merit and excellent behavior. Following the advice of friends and artists, he en- rolls at the School of Fine Arts of Kharkiv (Ukraine) in the fall. Among his teachers are Mikhail Pestrikov and Aleksandr Liubimov, former students of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts of Saint Petersburg. December 29 [December 16 OS]. Grigorii Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg. 1 2
4 Fundación Juan March 1919 September 20 – November 19. The White Army— led by Anton Denikin—occupies Kursk. Deineka participates in the Red Army’s battles in defense of Kursk during the occupation. Deineka is awarded two prizes for his set designs for the opera Groza (The Tempest), based on the play by Aleksandr Ostrovskii, and the tale Ole Lukøje (The Sandman) by Hans Christian Andersen, staged at the Soviet Theater of Kursk. He is mobilized into the Red Army where he coor- dinates agitation and propaganda, including the direction of the Kursk delegation at the Off icial Rus- sian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA) in producing what were known as the “ROSTA windows,” stencil-rep- licated propaganda posters that were displayed in telegraph off ices and handed out at factories and in the trenches. His first designs consisted of illus- trations for poems by Vladimir Mayakovsky, whose work had a great influence on Deineka.
Non-
Objective Art and Suprematism. April 12. The first communist subbótnik (work on Saturdays) is organized by workers of the Moscow- Sortirovochnaia railway station. June 28. The Treaty of Versailles is signed, marking the end of the First World War. New actions are taken by the Soviet of the People’s Commissars, such as abolishing the Academy of Fine Arts and off icially recognizing the Free State Art Studios, later called the State Higher Arts and Technical Studios. The Society of Young Artists (OBMOKhU) and the Champions of the New Art (UNOVIS) are created.
tor at the Proletarian Studio of Fine Arts for Adults. From April onwards, in addition to painting, he teaches sculpture. April – May. As head of the workers and peasants theater division, Deineka oversees various produc- tions.
regional division of the Regional Department of Fine Arts (Kursk IZO). In late 1920, Deineka travels by airplane for the first time, an experience he described as “a new feeling, that of a man rising in the air and seeing his home- town in an absolutely new light.”
Institute for Artistic Culture (INKhUK) is founded in Moscow.
the Monument to the Third International in Petro- grad and presents it in Moscow in December. December. Approval of the GOELRO plan, the first- ever Soviet plan for national economic recovery and development. The program, drawn up and endorsed by Lenin, is meant to fulfill his slogan “Communism is Soviet power plus the electrifica- tion of the entire country.” December 19. The Higher Arts and Technical Stu- dios (VKhUTEMAS) is founded in Moscow following a decree issued by Lenin. The school anticipated the educational program developed by the Bau- haus at Weimar two years later. The school eventu- ally became the center of the three leading avant- garde movements in the country: constructivism, rationalism and suprematism. 1921 Following a governmental order from Kursk at the start of the year, Deineka is released from the Red Army and moves to Moscow. There he enrolls in the department of Graphic Art at VKhUTEMAS, where Vladimir Favorskii and Ignatii Nivinskii are among his professors. In the spring, he participates in the production of scenery for a play based on Misteriia-buff by Mayakovsky. Deineka spends the summer in Kursk, where he continues to direct the regional division of the Kursk IZO and prepares the decorative panels for the Workers’ Palace, to be displayed at the 8th Regional Congress of Soviets. March 21. The New Economic Policy (NEP, 1921– 29), which partially permitted the return of private property and enterprise, is put forward at the 10th Congress of the Communist Party. The Gosplan State Planning Committee of the Russian Federa- tion is created. Severe famine strikes the Volga region, resulting in 5 million deaths. The First Working Group of Constructivists is created. El Lissitzky (née Lazar Markovich Lisitskii) develops his own style of suprematism called Proun (Design for the Aff irmation of the New). 1922 Deineka illustrates two fables by Ivan Krylov, “Kot i povar” (The Cat and the Cook) and “Krest’ianin i smert’” (Death and the Peasant) . The latter is printed at the VKhUTEMAS graphic studio.
Russia (AKhRR) is created. The main purpose of the association is to depict the lives of workers in the new Russian state in a realistic style. October 15. The 1st Russian Art Exhibition opens at the Van Diemen gallery in Berlin. It includes works by Kazimir Malevich, Ol’ga Rozanova, Liubov Popova, Aleksandr Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin, Naum Gabo and El Lissitzky, who designs the cover of the catalogue.
the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR are approved. The documents recognized the Soviet Union as a union of Soviet socialist republics.
In the summer, Deineka takes part in the 1st All-Un- ion Agricultural and Domestic Crafts Exhibition in Moscow, presenting his drawings at “The Parasites of the Countryside” Pavilion. Deineka’s drawings are featured in issue no. 9–10 of the magazine Bezbozhnik u stanka, marking the be- ginning of his career as an illustrator, which would span to the early 1930s. March. The association Left Front of the Arts (LEF) is founded and launches a journal under the same name with Rodchenko as its main artistic contribu- tor (the journal was known as Novyi lef from 1927 to 1928) [cat. 27–29, 66, 102–105]. The avant-garde movement of soviet photographers, Foto-LEF, owes its name to the journal. April 3. Josef Stalin is appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Commu- nist Party (Bolsheviks). The first national holiday of physical culture is celebrated. The poem Pro eto (About This) by Mayakovsky is illustrated by Rodchenko’s photomontages. Rodchenko and Mayakovsky embark on a joint venture, working together as an advertising agency (Reklam-Konstruktor) for a number of Soviet enter- prises.
The Petrograd State Institute of Artistic Culture (GINKhUK) is founded under the direction of Malevich.
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