Aleksandr Deineka (1899-1969) : an avant-garde for the proletariat
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1917
March 8–12 [February 23–27 OS]. The February Revolution begins with strikes, demonstrations and mutinies in Petrograd.
and is replaced by a provisional government. April 16 [April 3 OS]. Lenin returns from exile. November 7–8 [October 25–26 OS]. October Revo- lution. Following a coup d’état, the Bolsheviks— headed by Lenin—take control of the government. The Commission for Painting-Sculpture-Architec- ture Synthesis within Narkompros (Zhivskul’ptarkh) is founded in Moscow. 1918 Deineka returns to Kursk at the start of the year and works as a teacher at the Provincial Depart- ment of Public Education (Gubnarobraz), where he oversees the Fine Arts department. He also works as a set designer, as a forensic photographer at the Police Department of Criminal Investigation, and as a drawing teacher at a girls’ school. He is sent on trips to Moscow to learn about the new art tech- niques of the capital, and later writes that in his decorations for the celebrations of the first anniver- sary of the Revolution, he was “stuff ing the purest cubism into the potholes of Kursk.”
tween the Red Army and the White Army (1918–21). March 3. Lenin signs the Peace Treaty of Brest- Litovsk, by which Russia withdraws from the First World War.
the Communist Party. March 11. The government relocates from Petro- grad to Moscow, Russia’s new capital. May. The Visual Arts Section (IZO) of the People’s Commissariat for Enlightenment (Narkompros) is founded.
retinue receive welcome gifts upon their arrival to a town, 1904. Fundación José María Castañé
Nicholas II, ca. 1910. Fundación José María Castañé
Fundación José María Castañé Fundación Juan March
14 1924 May 11. The 1st Discussional Exhibition of the Ac- tive Revolutionary Art Associations is inaugurated at the Moscow Palace of Youth; works by current and former students from VKhUTEMAS are show- cased. The exhibition was a key event in the history of the Soviet avant-garde with artworks by various groups of constructivist, projectionist and concrete artists on display. Among the participants was the Group of Three formed by Andrei Goncharov, Iurii Pimenov and Deineka. Deineka’s work is mentioned in the press for the first time. January 21. Head of state Vladimir Lenin dies; Josef Stalin becomes his successor. January 26. Petrograd is renamed Leningrad. March 8. The Russian Art Exhibition comprising works from the eighteenth to the twentieth centu- ries opens at the Grand Central Palace in New York and later travels throughout the United States.
AKhRR” is issued (see D26). June 19. The 14th edition of the Venice Biennale is inaugurated; 492 works by Soviet artists are dis- played. The Soviet film studio Mosfil’m is founded. The first USSR football championship is held. The Four Arts Society is founded, bringing together artists and architects from Moscow and Leningrad. One of its aims was to study the synthetic interac- tion between painting, graphic art, sculpture and architecture, hence its name. 1925 April 26. The first of four exhibitions organized by OST opens. Deineka presents the paintings Before the Descent into the Mine [cat. 115] and In the Pit, and illustrations from the journal U stanka [cat. 111, 112] .
Donets basin, Kiev and Ekaterinoslav (present-day Dnepropetrovsk) by the periodical Bezbozhnik u stanka. During his stay Deineka studies the lives of mine and factory workers and produces the series In the Donbass. October. A letter sent by the magazine to the man- ager of the Trekhgornaia textile factory in Moscow requests that “the painter Deineka have access to the women’s workshops and dormitories to pro- duce drawings of your factory” for a special issue dedicated to “Women and Religion.” Deineka’s work is showcased at an international exhibition for the first time, The Soviet Caricature at the 7th Salon de l’Araignée, organized by the Russian Academy of Science in Paris. Deineka becomes a founding member of the Soci- ety of Easel Painters (OST), which included Nikolai Denisovskii, Petr Vil’iams, Konstantin Vialov, Andrei Goncharov, Ivan Kliun, Klavdiia Kozlova, Aleksandr Labas, Vladimir Liushin, Sergei Luchishkin, Iurii Pimenov and David Shterenberg. In opposition to the constructivists (who abandoned oil painting in 1921) and the traditional AKhRR, the OST aimed at representing scenes of Soviet life by means of a new figurative style of painting.
is founded. December 21.On the occasion of the anniversary of the Russian Revolution, Sergei Eisenstein’s film Bronenosets Potemkin (Battleship Potemkin) opens at the Bolshoi Theater. December 27.The poet Sergei Esenin commits suicide at the Hotel Angleterre in Leningrad. 1926 May 3. The second exhibition staged by OST opens at the State Historical Museum on Red Square. Deineka receives critical acclaim for his paintings Building New Factories [cat. 116] and The Boxer Gradopolov (later destroyed by the artist) and a series of drawings dating from 1924–26. Together with Iurii Pimenov, Deineka designs the set for a play based on the first Soviet industrial novel Cement by Fedor Gladkov, staged in the Fourth Studio (experimental section) at the Mos- cow Art Theater (MKhAT). Deineka illustrates the children’s book Pervoe maia (The First of May) by Agniia Barto [cat. 93]. 1927 March 2. The USSR Revolutionary Council of War commissions a sketch for the 10th Anniversary Exhibition of the Red Army on the subject of “The defense of Petrograd from Iudenich in 1919” [cat. 131]. If Deineka’s sketch were to be approved, he would receive 500 rubles for the finished work. The artist wrote the following on the commission: “The sketch took me quite a long time but I finished the painting almost immediately. It was a matter of character . . . One morning I was exercising as usual, practically naked, in my underwear. A knock on the door. ‘Come in!’ A man in uniform walked in. ‘Good morning, I am from the committee in charge of the exhibition dedicated to the Red Army. How is our commission coming along?’ He sees the blank canvas on the easel . . . I’m standing there undressed, trying to think of something to say: ‘You see, I don’t usually work here, it’s too cramped, I’m painting the picture somewhere else, this is not my studio . . .’ He looks at me, then at the blank can - vas . . . ‘Alright, I’ll telephone you in a few days.’ And then he reported to the committee: ‘I went to see Deineka, and there I found both a naked can- vas, and Deineka himself standing naked in front of me. He’s done nothing and I’m afraid he won’t do a thing.’ The old man was wrong! He did not know me at all. As soon as I got going, I finished The 1
3 4 Fundación Juan March January_8'>1928 January 8. The painting Female Textile Workers [cat. 125] is presented at the exhibition 10 Years since October, held at the VKhUTEIN building.
The Defense of Petrograd is shown at the 10th AKhRR Exhibition on the 10th Anniversary of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army. In April, the painting travels to the 16th Venice Biennale and is exhibited at the Russian Pavilion.
tiabr’) is founded; the organization’s manifesto is published in the journal Sovremennaia arkhitektura [cat. 132–136]. Founding members include Alek- sandr Deineka, Aleksandr Gan, Gustavs Klucis, El Lissitzky, Aleksandr and Viktor Vesnin, and Sergei Eisenstein; Aleksandr Rodchenko joins later. On June 3, the newspaper Pravda publishes the mani- festo, signaling its approval of the October plat- form: participating in the ideological class war of the proletariat through the “spatial arts,” including industrial arts, cinema, architecture and design, and a rejection of both the aesthetic industrialism of constructivism and the philistine realism of the AKhRR painters. April 22. The 4th OST exhibition opens without works by Deineka, who had left the Society to join October.
the VOKS exhibition department, produced for the show of Soviet arts and crafts held in New York in 1929.
He continues to make illustrations for Bezbozhnik u stanka [cat. 90] and Prozhektor [cat. 106], and begins working for the children’s magazine Iskorka [cat. 95] and the journal Smena. Deineka is employed as a design consultant for the state publishing houses GIZ and IZOGIZ and as a drawing teacher at the VKhUTEIN in Moscow and the Moscow Polygraphic Institute. He illustrates Pro loshadei (About Horses) by V. Vladimirov [cat. 94]. January. Lev Trotsky is expelled from the Party and deported to Alma-Ata (present-day Almaty, Kazakhstan).
a counterbalance to the Olympic Games, are held in Moscow. The AKhRR is renamed Association of Artists of the Revolution (AKhR). Stalin introduces the First Five-Year Plan (1928–32), an economic policy based on massive industrial- ization and the collectivization of agriculture, thus replacing the NEP. The artist El Lissitzky returns to Russia. After a triumphal trip to Moscow, Le Corbusier wins the international competition for the design of the Moscow headquarters of the Tsentrosoiuz, the central Union of Cooperative Societies, located on Miasnitskaia Street. Despite criticism of the design, construction finishes in 1936. 1929 Deineka begins to work for the recently created All-Russian Union of Cooperative Partnerships of Visual Art Workers (Vsekokhudozhnik), which purchased and sold the works of its members and also provided a monthly stipend. Under this type of contract, Deineka produced, among other works, Ball Game (1932) [cat. 194], The Race (1932–33) [cat. 196] and The Goalkeeper (1934) [cat. 199]. Deineka makes illustrations for the “social-political and literary-artistic” journal Daesh’! [cat. 117–120]. On both
Daesh’! and Smena he works with revolu- tionary poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. He would later recall: “In our work together on Smena and Daesh’, his laconic comments more than once led me to- ward the right artistic decisions.” January 21. Trotsky is expelled from the USSR. August 19. Sergei Diaghilev, businessman, patron and founder of the Ballets Russes, dies in Venice. November 7. Pravda publishes “The Year of Great Change,” an article by Stalin in which he justifies collectivization in theoretical terms and thereby demands it be promptly implemented. Stalin puts an end to the NEP (1921–29) and nation- alizes the economy. With a workforce including thousands of penal laborers (especially “dekulakized” peasants), the construction of a mining and steel city named Magnitogorsk is initiated in the Urals under Stalin’s orders.
Release of the film Chelovek s kinoapparatom (The Man with a Movie Camera) directed by Dziga Vertov (pseudonym of Denis Kaufman) . The Ossetian author Gaito Gazdanov writes his first novel, Vecher u Kler (An Evening with Claire), published in 1930. Mikhail Bulgakov begins to write Master i Margarita (The Master and Margarita) (1929–40). 1930 March 16. Premiere of the comedy Bania (The Bath- house) by Mayakovsky at the Meyerhold Theater; Deineka works on the visual design of the play. May 27. Deineka takes part in the first exhibition of the October group at Gorky Park, Moscow. June. The Roman newspaper La Tribuna publishes an article on the Soviet Pavilion at the 17th Venice Biennale and mentions three paintings by Deine- ka— Before the Descent into the Mine [cat. 115], The Race and Children Bathing. As chair at the Moscow Polygraphic Institute, Deineka teaches drawing, composition and poster art. He illustrates the children’s books Kuter’ma (Zimniaia skazka) (Commotion [A Winter Tale]) by Nikolai Aseev [cat. 97], Vstretim tretii! (We Will Defense of Petrograd in a week. Just one week!” (I. A. Rakhillo, “Deineka (Iz zapisey raznykh let)” (1972, repr. 1978) 479–80). Together with Iurii Pimenov, Deineka becomes a member of the Art Council of MKhAT. He illustrates the book Kommuna im. Bela Kuna (Bela Kuna Commune) by Nikolai Shestakov and works as an illustrator for the journals Bezbozhnik u stanká [cat. 87–89], Krasnaia niva [cat. 209] and Prozhektor [cat. 106], publications in which he develops his trademark satirical subject matter that juxtaposes the old and new Russia. Deineka is invited by the Soviet All-Union Soci- ety for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (VOKS) to submit works to the fourth edition of the international exhibition The Art of the Book in Leipzig.
March 27. The musician Mstislav Rostropovich is born in Baku, Azerbaijan. May 28. The painter Boris Kustodiev dies in Lenin- grad.
July 18. The painter Vasilii Polenov dies in his estate in Borok (Tula). Renamed Polenovo, it now houses the Polenov State Museum, one of the most popu- lar in Russia.. December 26. The future director and associate director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, Alfred H. Barr Jr. and Jere Abbott, arrive in Moscow in what turns out to be a significant visit for their modernist education. Sergei Eisenstein directs October (aka Ten Days that Shook the World) to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. VKhUTEMAS undergoes restructuring and be- comes the Higher Arts and Technical Institute (VKhUTEIN).
1st
Exhibition of the Society of Easel Painters (OST), Museum of Pictorial Culture, Moscow, 1925 2. Catalogue of the 2nd
Exhibition of the Society of Easel Painters (OST), State Historical Museum, Moscow, 1926 3. Catalogue of the Society of Easel Painters (OST), Moscow, 1927 4. Aleksandr Deineka. Autumn.
Landscape, 1929. Oil on canvas, 65 x 60.5 cm. Kursk Deineka Picture Gallery
with a group of artists, Moscow, ca. 1930 5 Fundación Juan March 16 Fulfill the Third! [the goals of the third year of the first five-year plan]) by Semen Kirsanov [cat. 100], Legkii bukvar’ (An Easy Primer) by Maria Teriaeva, and Elektromonter (The Electrician) by Boris Ural’skii [cat. 98], as well as the picture books V oblakakh (In the Clouds) [cat. 96] and Parad Kras- noi Armii (The Parade of the Red Army) [cat. 99]. Deineka becomes successful as a poster artist, producing five major works of this kind in this year, including We are Mechanizing the Donbass! [cat. 159] and We will Build the Powerful Soviet Dirigible “Klim Voroshilov” [cat. 205]. April 14. Vladimir Mayakovsky commits suicide. November 25 – December 7. First trial against the Industrial Party, a group of engineers accused of “counter-revolution.” VKhUTEIN is permanently closed and divided into three art institutions: the Moscow Institute of Architecture, the School of Fine Arts (later called the Surikov) and the Moscow Polygraphic Institute.
VOKS select a series of works for the international exhibition The Art of the Book in Paris, including pieces by Pimenov, Lissitzky and Deineka.
group, the Russian Association of Proletarian Art- ists (RAPKh) is formed; Deineka leaves the October association to become a member of RAPKh. August 1. The Anti-Imperialist Exhibition opens in Gorky Park in Moscow, and includes two war themed paintings by Deineka: The Defense of Petrograd and The Interventionist Mercenary ( Naemnik interventov, 1931). Deineka’s works receive positive reviews in the press. October. Deineka’s work is displayed at the international exhibitions Frauen in Not (Women and Poverty) in Berlin and at the 30th Carnegie International exhibition in Pittsburgh, which later traveled across the United States.
Communist Party (Bolsheviks) declares that all forms of literature and art will be published and distributed under the supervision of the Party and the State. Iskusstvo v massy, the AKhR’s newspaper, becomes an organ of the RAPKh and is renamed Za proletar- skoe iskusstvo. Several announcements and articles written by the members of October are published under the title Izofront (Front of the Visual Arts) on the occasion of the group’s first exhibition held in 1930. The first architectural contest for the Palace of the Soviets is announced, and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow is demolished so the Palace can be constructed on its site. Following several rounds of competition, the project design is finally awarded to architect Boris Iofan in 1933; his final draft includes a 100-meter high statue of Lenin standing on the palace’s rooftop at 415 meters. The foundation for the gigantic building is laid in 1939, but the Palace is never built.
Posters in the Service of the Five-Year Plan at the State Tretyakov Gallery includes several Deineka posters. June 19. The Soviet Pavilion at the 18th Venice Bi- ennale opens, including painting and graphics by Deineka. His work is well received by Italian critics and audiences. November 13. The exhibition 15 Years of Artists of the RSFSR, 1917–1932 opens in Leningrad featuring six works by Deineka. The art critic Abram Efros writes a positive review of these works in the journal
Iskusstvo. Deineka continues working at the Polygraphic Institute, now as a professor, but eff ectively ends his work for the magazines. He leads the brigade of RAPKh painters designing the factory kitchen at the airplane factory in the Fili section of suburban Moscow; he produces the mural
Civil Aviation for the kitchen. April 23. The decree on the Reconstruction of Lit- erary and Artistic Organizations issued by the Cen- tral Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) states that all art and literary groups must be disbanded and replaced by “creative unions” formed by professionals of the same occu- pation. Most artists join the Union of Soviet Artists.
ists (MOSSKh) is founded; Deineka is a member. October 11. The Central Committee of the All- Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) approves a resolution “Concerning the Creation of a Russian Academy of Arts.” New rules are implemented and with them a purge of both teachers and students, after which the “realist artists” are appointed teach- ers. Announcement that the Five-Year Plan has been accomplished in four years and three months. A severe famine, commonly known as Golodomor, strikes the USSR and the Ukraine in particular. The magnitude of the famine was not disclosed for years.
artistic method at the Club of Masters of the Arts in Moscow at an evening devoted to discussion of his work. Download 4.48 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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