rise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,
Who is already sick and pale with grief,
That thou, her maid, art far more fair than she. (Romeo and Juliet, 2.1.2–6)
Caesura
A pause in the middle of a line of poetry or verse, sometimes marked by punctuation.
Percy Bysshe Shelley’s poem “Ozymandias” contains caesuras, marked with two vertical bars below.
Who said—”Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert . . . || Near them, || on the sand . . .
My name is Ozymandias, || King of Kings; ||
Look on my Works, || ye Mighty, || and despair!
Nothing beside remains. || Round the decay . . .
Characterization
Any of the various techniques used by an author to reveal the traits of a character to the reader.
Although Satan is the antagonist in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, many readers feel that Milton’s characterization of Satan portrays him in a heroic light.
Chiasmus
A figure of speech in which one phrase is followed by another that inverts its grammatical construction.
The following saying from Socrates employs chiasmus; the second clause is an inversion of the first:
“Bad men live that they may eat and drink; whereas good men eat and drink that they may live.”
Cinquain
In poetry, a five-line stanza or one of several established types of five-line poems.
Historically, many English poets structured their poems in cinquains, or five-line stanzas. Over time, poets developed several types of poems that have a single cinquain. A limerick, for example, is a humorous cinquain that follows a particular rhyme scheme and meter.
Climax
The point of highest tension in a story, in which the main conflict is faced and ultimately resolved.
In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, the climax occurs after Ralph and Piggy demand that Jack return Piggy’s stolen glasses. When Jack’s tribe kills Piggy and forces Ralph to flee into the jungle, it becomes clear that Jack has triumphed over Ralph in their struggle for supremacy on the island.
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