30. The correct answer is (E). During the push for ratification, several states approved the Constitu-
tion on the assumption that it would be amended to include specific guarantees of certain personal
freedoms. North Carolina refused to ratify the Constitution until these were added. In June 1789,
Madison submitted to Congress seventeen amendments that had been proposed by the states, and ten
of these were adopted. The fourth provides that the “right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.” The
second provides that “the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.” The fifth
provides that no person shall “be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb; . . . nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” It is the Fourteenth
Amendment, one of the three Reconstruction amendments, that provides that no state shall “deny to
any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
31. The correct answer is (A). The spoils system refers to the practice whereby a winning party fills
government positions with party loyals, in the process displacing the appointees of the previous win-
ner. The spoils system is often associated with Andrew Jackson. Jackson did not invent the system,
but he did institutionalize it. It was Jackson’s theory that the changes made the government more
responsive to the will of the people. In the final analysis, the promise of a well-paid government
position gave people reason to work hard for a candidate’s election and made it possible for some
people to become professional politicians. Thus, the spoils system was an important factor in the
development of modern political parties.
32. The correct answer is (B). Article I of the United States Constitution gives the House of Represen-
tatives “the sole power of impeachment” and the Senate the “sole power to try all impeachments.” An
official who has been impeached has only been accused of wrongdoing. Similarly, an indictment is an
accusation made by a grand jury based upon evidence presented to it by a prosecutor.
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