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37. The correct answer is (C). There are many published autobiographies of African-Americans held in
slavery. They indicate that although the white people who physically controlled the African-Americans
regarded the African-Americans as slaves, the African-Americans did not regard themselves as such.
38. The correct answer is (D). President Andrew Jackson was bitterly opposed to the Bank of the United
States. The South and West, where Jackson enjoyed considerable support, opposed the Bank because
the notes issued by the Bank drove from circulation the notes issued by state and other banks. And these
other banks were more willing to make riskier loans than the Bank of the United States. In addition,
Jackson considered the Bank monopolistic and that ran counter to his notions of democracy. He also
considered the Bank unconstitutional, despite the opinions of the Congress and the Supreme Court.
As for the other answer choices, Chief Justice Marshall was the architect of the Supreme Court
decision McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) holding the Congress did have the authority to charter the
Bank; Biddle was the president of the Bank and wanted a renewal of its charter, Webster was on the
payroll of the Bank; and Duane was secretary of the treasury under Jackson, who refused to sabotage
the Bank at Jackson’s request.

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■ SAT II Subject Tests
39. The correct answer is (D). In 1932, the American voters registered their disgust with the Republi-
cans. Hoover carried only Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.
40. The correct answer is (E). Do not confuse the Populist movement with the Progressive movement.
Populism can be traced to the organizations of farmers prominent in the last quarter of the nineteenth
century, a particularly difficult time for farmers because farm prices were low and shipping costs were
high. The farm organizations secured a few victories for their members, such as the Interstate Com-
merce Act (1887), which was designed to regulate rates charged by railroads, but lacked the political
clout to redress all of their grievances. In the 1890s, farmers allied themselves with other groups whose
grievances were not the concern of either the Republican or the Democratic parties to create a new third
party called the People’s Party. The movement aimed primarily at farmers and workers and attempted to
appeal to a class-consciousness. The People’s Party advocated government ownership of the railroads,
shorter working hours, and free coinage of silver. The last point was based on the theory that unlimited
coinage of silver would devalue the dollar to the benefit of farmers. In 1896, William Jennings Bryan
used the free silver issue to win the presidential nominations of both the People’s Party and the Demo-
cratic party. Bryan, however, was soundly defeated by William McKinley, and the People’s Party quickly
faded. The label “Progressive” was already in use by 1900, but the term was used to describe a move-
ment that was primarily middle-class. To be sure, many of the goals of the Progressive movement, such
as antitrust legislation and railroad rate regulation, were similar to those of the earlier Populist move-
ment but they did not include the demand for unlimited coinage of silver.