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3. The correct answer is (B). With the final division of the Roman Empire in 395 A.D., Constantinople
became the capital of the eastern or Greek Empire and the chief center, for centuries, of Christian art
and learning, especially of Greek culture as distinguished from Latin.
4. The correct answer is (A). The concept of a philosopher king originated in ancient Greece. This ideal
leader should be virtuous and knowledgeable and should have the power to implement policies that
reflect virtue and knowledge. During the eighteenth century, a group of leaders emerged who seemed to
their contemporaries to embody this idea by uniting the power of monarchy with the intellectual tenden-
cies of contemporary philosophy. Their monarchial powers made them absolutes, and their knowledge
made them enlightened. The term is generally associated with King Frederick II (“the Great”) of Prussia,
the Hapsburg Emperor Joseph II, and Empress Catherine II (“the Great”) of Russia.
5. The correct answer is (A). Buddhism, one of the great religions of Asia, derives its name from its
founder, Gotama the Buddha.
6. The correct answer is (A). Karl Marx (1818–1883) was born in the Prussian Rhineland to middle-
class parents and was educated in German universities. At the age of 23, he became an editor of a
radical democratic newspaper. When the newspaper was suppressed by the authorities, Marx moved
to Paris, where he met Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), son of a wealthy German businessman who had
an ownership interest in an English textile firm. In 1847, at Engels’ request, Marx moved to England,
and in 1848 the two published the Communist Manifesto. Later Marx published a critical analysis of
mid-nineteenth century capitalism. These works contain the basic ideas of Marxism.
Marxism includes the ideas contained in choices (B) through (E). (A), however, is an idea rejected
by Marxists. According to Marx, the workers, or proletariat, will eventually become so exploited that
they will be conscious of their position and revolt. After overthrowing the government of the capitalists,
the workers will set up a state of their own as the remnants of capitalism are dismantled. After private
property and the wage and profit system have been removed, the class struggle will have ended and
there will be no need for a state. Gradually, therefore, the state will wither away.

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