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10. The correct answer is (B). No single factor can explain why the Industrial Revolution began in
Great Britain, but several different circumstances helped to create the conditions that fostered the
rapid industrial development that marks Great Britain as the cradle of the Industrial Revolution.
Innovations in farming and livestock management prompted large landholders to encourage legisla-
tion to enclose for their exclusive use lands that had formerly been open for common exploitation. As
a result, large numbers of idle farmers migrated to the urban areas. In addition, Great Britain had
access to large supplies of raw materials and had available the surplus of capital to invest in the new
undertakings. So the correct answer must be (B). In fact, you can arrive at that conclusion with a little
common sense: Great Britain did have colonies at one time, for example, the United States.
11. The correct answer is (E). The map shows the Americas following the Treaty of Paris (1763).
12. The correct answer is (E). In 1815, the Austrian Empire included, of course, the German-speaking
Austrians who constituted one-fifth of the population of the Empire and were the dominant nationality.
They held the most important positions in government, church, education, and the military. The ruling
family of the Empire was the Hapsburgs. The Empire also included Hungarians, Italians, Rumanians,
and the Slavic-speaking peoples.
13. The correct answer is (E). The first civilization arose in a part of the Middle East long known as
Mesopotamia in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. As early as 4000 B.C., Mesopotamian
farmers knew of bronze and copper and were using the wheel for transportation; and by 3500 B.C., the
Sumerians had developed a cuneiform alphabet, the first known form of human writing. By 3000 B.C.,
the Egyptian civilization grew up along the Nile River. By 2500 B.C., an urban civilization had arisen
along the Indus River, and by 2000 B.C., an organized state existed in China along the Hwang Ho or
Yellow River. As for answer (E), the Mayan and Aztec civilizations flourished in the second half of the
First Millennia and first half of the Second Millennia and, in any event, were located in Central America
and the western portion of South America.

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