74. The correct answer is (D). The increased availability of educational opportunities resulted in a tre-
mendous rise in the literacy rates in the countries of northern Europe. During the 1860s, just over half
of the population in that region could be classified as literate, but by 1900 about 90 percent could be
so classified.
75. The correct answer is (A). Demographics is the study of populations—their characteristics and their
movements. The Irish potato famine of the 1840s prompted many Irish to emigrate to the United States.
76. The correct answer is (E). Napoleon III of France sought to take advantage of the fact that the United
States was engaged in a Civil War. Reasoning that the United States would be unable to intervene,
Napoleon sent an army to Mexico to set up Maximilian as its emperor. Once the Civil War concluded,
the United States government forced France to withdraw its troops from Mexico and the French-
Mexican empire collapsed.
77. The correct answer is (A). In 1772, Poland was the third largest state in Europe. By 1795 it had
disappeared entirely. Weakened by its lack of a central authority, Poland was unable to protect its
territorial integrity. Austria, Prussia, and Russia forced on Poland a series of three partitions that
ultimately divided all of Poland’s territory among them.
78. The correct answer is (D). At the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), the territory that is now Italy
was divided into various states and provinces, many of them controlled by Austria. Resentment of
Austrian control and memories of earlier Italian glory gave rise to nationalistic feelings. Unification
was finally completed in 1870.
79. The correct answer is (D). The statements describe a philosophy often called Social Darwinism. In
this view, a process analogous to natural selection of the fittest members of animal species operates in
society to select for social and economic reward those who are the fittest.
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