88. The correct answer is (D). The Minoan Civilization was located on the island of Crete. Its capital
city was Knossos.
89. The correct answer is (E). The Punic Wars pitted Rome against the powerful commercial empire
of Carthage. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal led his troops and elephants from Carthage through
Spain and across the Alps. Rome finally destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War.
90. The correct answer is (D). In the fourth century, Constantine reunited the Roman empire and built
a new capital, Constantinople, on the site of the Greek city of Byzantium.
91. The correct answer is (B). This is, of course, Athens.
92. The correct answer is (D). After Napoleon’s defeat, representatives of the victorious nations and
France met at the Congress of Vienna to reconstruct Europe. This conference was dominated by the
powerful Prince Metternich of Austria.
93. The correct answer is (B). Otto von Bismarck, a member of the dominant, landowning aristocracy called
the Junkers was appointed chief minister of Prussia in 1862. A reactionary who opposed democracy,
Bismarck united Germany by military force.
94. The correct answer is (E). In the nineteenth century, there existed two traditions of labor organiza-
tion in the United States. One tradition concerned itself with wages and working conditions. It sought
benefits such as higher wages and shorter hours. This tradition is sometimes referred to as “bread and
butter” unionism. The other tradition cast its nets more widely and sought political and social reform
as well. Samuel Gompers directed the American Federation of Labor into the first tradition. Essen-
tially a conservative, Gompers was not interested in restructuring the economic pie, he just wanted to
make sure that labor got a bigger share. Since then, American unions have been primarily concerned
with the bread and butter issues of wages and working conditions.
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