An Introduction to Applied Linguistics

in Immigrant English Language Assessment. Sydney: National Centre for English 
Language Teaching and Research, Macquarie University; pp. 81–123.

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Index
NOTES: Abbreviations used
L1 = first/native language
L2 = second/foreign language
ability/performance constructs 249–51
abstract, in speaking 200–1
Academic Word List (AWL) 37
accent 145, 147, 153
accommodation 151, 153
accuracy 5
error analysis studies 115
influence of errors on language instruction 
119
achievement/compensatory strategies 165
adjacency pairs 58–9, 202–3
affective filter hypothesis 110
affective learner strategies 166, 186–7
African-American vernacular English (AAVE) 
147–8
age
influence on language 151, 154–6
of language learners 109–10, 136, 161–2
allophones 154–5, 207, 279
American Association of Applied Linguistics 
(AAAL) 1
American Council for Teachers of Foreign 
Languages (ACTFL) 252
anthropological linguistics see sociolinguistics
antonyms and synonyms 65–6, 98, 131
aphasia 127, 131
apparent time hypothesis 151
applied linguistics
defining 1–2, 10–11, 146
historical development 3–8
trends in 10–13
approximation 165
Archer Corpus 92
Army method 4
artificial intelligence 57
assessment see language assessment
assimilation 180, 195, 206, 211
attention, directed/selective 187
audiolingualism 4–5
authenticity, of task/text 192
authorship identification 2
avoidance/reduction strategies 165
back-channelling 58, 203, 278
behaviourism 4–5, 8, 12, 110–11
bilingualism 124–5 see also psycholinguistics
Birmingham School 57, 61–2
bottom-up processing 13, 27, 181, 183–4
British National Corpus (BNC) 90–2, 221
Brown Corpus 90–1
Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of 
Discourse in English (CANCODE) 66, 92
Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) 66
Canadian Language Benchmarks Assessment 
264
Certificates in Spoken and Written English 
(Australia) 264
chain-shift model 152
ChemSPEAK 252
choice motivation 170–1
Chomsky, Noam 5, 8–9, 20, 27, 108–11
chunks/multi-word units 12, 25, 200, 204, 210
circumlocution 165
clarification 166, 278
Co-operative Principle 73–5
COBUILD Bank of English Corpus 23
code-model, of communication 70–1
code-switching 127–8, 134–5, 149, 165
codification 144, 200–1
cognitive learning strategies 163–4, 166, 
186–7, 211–12
cognitive linguistics 9
cognitive pragmatics 79–81
cognitive psychology 111–12
cohesive devices 236–7
collocations 9, 98–100, 103
commitment control strategies 175
Common European Framework of Reference 
(Council of Europe) 261–2, 264
communication, non-verbal 135–6, 139, 165, 204
communication strategies 164–6, 176
communication theory (CT)
Co-operative Principle 73–5
and context, role of 78–9

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336 Index
factors influencing 75–7
listening model 181
Politeness Principle 75–6
communicative competence, concept of 5, 20, 
110
communicative language teaching (CLT) 6
competence 5, 8, 20, 109–10
completions, in conversation 58
comprehensible input hypothesis 110
comprehension, listening models 181–2, 187
computers, use in language learning 7–8, 89, 
138, 252, 261–2
computer-assisted language learning (CALL) 7
concordance programs 98–100, 102
confederate paradigm 135
confidence 10, 171–2, 174–5
connectionism 9, 27, 112–13
construction grammar 9
contamination, risk of 190
context, role of 208, 270
guessing from context 42–3, 221–2
independence 269–70
in listening comprehension 181–2, 187
in pragmatics 78–9
contextualization 187
contrastive rhetoric 233, 236–7, 239–40
contrastive stress 205
controlled composition 238–9
conversation analysis 57–9, 63
adjacency pairs 58–9, 202–3
openings and closings 59
overlaps 58
and pragmatics 78–9
turn-taking 58–9, 149, 202–5, 208
cooperation 187
core idioms 35
corpora (singular corpus) 7–8, 23, 66
corpus design/compilation criteria 91–5
markup/annotation 94–5
tagged text 95, 100
types of 89–92
word frequency counts 36–7, 95–100
corpus linguistics 66–7, 104–5, 271–2
defining 89–90
grammar, findings on 23–4
uses for 100–1
concordance programs 98–100, 102
in language teaching 101–3
Corpus of Contemporary American English 
(COCA) 90–1
correctional feedback 119–20
correlational analysis, of language tests 256–7
Council of Europe, Common European 
Framework of Reference 261–2, 264
cover strategies 164
covert prestige 150, 156
creoles 150
criterion-referenced decisions 256
critical discourse analysis (CDA) 57, 63
cultural factors 114 see also sociolinguistics
gender 150–1, 154–6, 162
identity, influence on language 151, 198
influence on communication 76–7
and listening 188–9, 277–8
and pragmatic transfer 82–6
and reading 225–6
declarative knowledge 111–12
diachronic axis 143
dialect 145, 148–53
dialect chains 150
dialect-levelling model 152–3, 155
dialogue vs. monologue 125, 139
dictionaries 44, 85, 103, 222