Английского

М. Я. Блох
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ
ГРАММАТИКА
АНГЛИЙСКОГО
ЯЗЫКА
Допущено Министерством просвещения СССР
в качестве учебника для студентов
педагогических институтов по специальности

Москва «Высшая школа» 1983

№ 2103 «Иностранные языки»
Сканирование, распознавание, проверка:
Корректор, сентябрь 2004 г.

Для некоммерческого использования.

Исправлено десять опечаток.

Орфография из амер. переведена в брит.

Рецензенты:

кафедра английского языка Горьковского педагоги­чес­ко­го института иностранных языков им. Н. А. Добро­лю­бова и доктор филол. наук, проф. Л. Л. Нелюбин.
Блох М. Я.
Б70 Теоретическая грамматика английского языка: Учебник. Для студентов филол. фак. ун-тов и фак. англ. яз. педвузов. — М.: Высш. школа, 1983.— с. 383 В пер.: 1 р.
В учебнике рассматриваются важнейшие проблемы морфологии и синтаксиса английского языка в свете ведущих принципов современного системного языкознания. Введение в теоретические проблемы грамматики осуществляется на фоне обобщающего описания основ грамматического строя английского языка. Особое внимание уделяется специальным методам научного анализа грамматических явлений и демонстрации исследовательских приемов на конкретном текстовом материале с целью развития у студентов профессионального лингвистического мышления. Учебник написан на английском языке.
ББК 81.2 Англ-9 4И (Англ)
© Издательство «Высшая школа», 1983.
CONTENTS
Page
Preface 4
Chapter I. Grammar in the Systemic Conception of Language. . 6
Chapter II. Morphemic Structure of the Word 17
Chapter III. Categorial Structure of the Word 26
Chapter IV. Grammatical Classes of Words 37
Chapter V. Noun: General 49
Chapter VI. Noun: Gender 53
Chapter VII. Noun: Number 57
Chapter VIII. Noun: Case 62
Chapter IX. Noun: Article Determination 74
Chapter X. Verb: General 85
Chapter XI. Non-Finite Verbs (Verbids) 102
Chapter XII. Finite Verb: Introduction 123
Chapter XIII. Verb: Person and Number 125
Chapter XIV. Verb; Tense 137
Chapter XV. Verb: Aspect 155
Chapter XVI. Verb: Voice 176
Chapter XVII. Verb: Mood 185
Chapter XVIII. Adjective 203
Chapter XIX. Adverb ... 220
Chapter XX. Syntagmatic Connections of Words 229
Chapter XXI. Sentence: General . . . 236
Chapter XXII. Actual Division of the Sentence 243
Chapter XXIII. Communicative Types of Sentences 251
Chapter XXIV. Simple Sentence: Constituent Structure ... 268
Chapter XXV. Simple Sentence: Paradigmatic Structure . . . 278
Chapter XXVI. Composite Sentence as a Polypredicative Construction 288
Chapter XXVII. Complex Sentence 303
Chapter XXVIII. Compound Sentence 332
Chapter XXIX. Semi-Complex Sentence 340
Chapter XXX. Semi-Compound Sentence ....... 351
Chapter XXXI. Sentence in the Text 361
A List of Selected Bibliography 374
Subject Index 376
PREFACE
This book, containing a theoretical outline of English grammar, is intended as a manual for the departments of English in Universities and Teachers' Colleges. Its purpose is to present an introduction to the problems of up-to-date grammatical study of English on a systemic basis, sustained by demonstrations of applying modern analytical techniques to various grammatical phenomena of living English speech.
The suggested description of the grammatical structure of English, reflecting the author's experience as a lecturer on theoretical English grammar for students specialising as teachers of English, naturally, cannot be regarded as exhaustive in any point of detail. While making no attempt whatsoever to depict the grammar of English in terms of the minutiae of its arrangement and functioning (the practical mastery of the elements of English grammar is supposed to have been gained by the student at the earlier stages of tuition), we rather deem it as our immediate aims to supply the student with such information as will enable him to form judgments of his own on questions of diverse grammatical intricacies; to bring forth in the student a steady habit of trying to see into the deeper implications underlying the outward appearances of lingual correlations bearing on grammar; to teach him to independently improve his linguistic qualifications through reading and critically appraising the available works on grammatical language study, including the current materials in linguistic journals; to foster his competence in facing academic controversies concerning problems of grammar, which, unfortunately but inevitably, are liable to be aggravated by polemical excesses and terminological discrepancies.
In other words, we wish above all to provide for the condition that, on finishing his study of the subject matter of the book, under the corresponding guidance of his College tutor, the student should progress in developing a grammatically-oriented mode of understanding facts of language, viz. in mastering that which, in the long run, should distinguish a professional linguist from a layman.
The emphasis laid on cultivating an active element in the student's approach to language and its grammar explains why the book gives prominence both to the technicalities of grammatical observations and to the general methodology of linguistic knowledge: the due application of the latter will lend the necessary demonstrative force to any serious consideration of the many special points of grammatical analysis. In this connection, throughout the whole of the book we have tried to point out the progressive character of the development of modern grammatical theory, and to show that in the course of disputes and continued research in manifold particular fields, the grammatical domain of linguistic science arrives at an ever more adequate presentation of the structure of language in its integral description.
We firmly believe that this kind of outlining the foundations of the discipline in question is especially important at the present stage of the developing linguistic knowledge — the knowledge which, far from having been by-passed by the general twentieth century advance of science, has found itself in the midst of it. Suffice it to cite such new ideas and principles introduced in the grammatical theory of our times, and reflected in the suggested presentation, as the grammatical aspects of the correlation between language and speech; the interpretation of grammatical categories on the strictly oppositional basis; the demonstration of grammatical semantics with the help of structural modelling; the functional-perspective patterning of utterances; the rise of the paradigmatic approach to syntax; the expansion of syntactic analysis beyond the limits of a separate sentence into the broad sphere of the continual text; and, finally, the systemic principle of description applied to the interpretation of language in general and its grammatical structure in particular.
It is by actively mastering the essentials of these developments that the student will be enabled to cope with the grammatical aspects of his future linguistic work as a graduate teacher of English.
Materials illustrating the analysed elements of English grammar have been mostly collected from the literary works of British and American authors. Some of the offered examples have been subjected to slight alterations aimed at giving the necessary prominence to the lingual phenomena under study. Source references for limited stretches of text are not supplied except in cases of special relevance (such as implications of individual style or involvement of contextual background).
The author pays tribute to his friends and colleagues — teachers of the Lenin State Pedagogical Institute (Moscow) for encouragement and help they extended to him during the years of his work on the presented matters.
The author's sincere thanks are due to the staff of the English Department of the Dobrolyubov State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages (Gorky) and to Prof. L. L. Nelyubin for the trouble they took in reviewing the manuscript. Their valuable advice and criticisms were carefully taken into consideration for the final preparation of the text.
M. Blokh