Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

Topic: Sarcoma - 2 hours

Objectives of the topic: To train students in the macroscopic and microscopic manifestations of sarcoma. Visual equipment and instruments: Organ, microtome, block window box, hemotoxylin, eosin. Alcohol, xylene, paraffin, microscopy, histological specimen No. 28 and museum preparations Purpose of the lesson: Study of microscopic and macroscopic appearance.1. Working pieces of pathological material will be cut from the kidneys and skeletal muscles. 2. The particles are washed and dehydrated in an alcohol battery. 3. Paraffin blocks were made.4. Stain normal sections. 5. Sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin dyes. 6. Macroscopic changes are studied using museum preparations. Lesson content. Atypical growths of tissue in the body are called tumors. The science that studies tumors is called oncology. Tumors are based on irregular cell division without boundaries. This division does not obey the body, tissues and leads to destruction and atrophy of surrounding tissues. Tumor cells differ from other cells of the body by specific morphological and functional abnormalities. Tumors are defined as the growth of tissues in a stable pathological state, the inability of tissues to have certain biological properties, unlimited growth and control, and changes in the structure of tumor cells. These features of tumor tissue are caused by the effects of external and internal environmental pathogens on healthy cells of the body. Tumors occur in dogs, herds, cattle, cats, pigs, chickens, sheep and goats. Classification of Tumors Tumors can develop from all tissues of the body. Depending on:1. Tumors arose from connective tissue.2. Tumors arising from epithelial tissue.3. Tumors developing from muscle tissue.4. Tumors developing from nervous tissue.5. Tumors that develop from blood vessels, mixed tumors and complex tumors (teratomas) are differentiated. Each of the above is divided into safe and unsafe. Both malignant and benign tumors can develop from any tissue. The reason is not fully understood. Currently, this is explained by physicochemical, viral, dysontogenetic and polyetiological theories. The physicochemical theory was discovered in 1855 by R. Virchow. Physical effects and chemical-carcinogenic substances - substances, alkaloids and carbohydrates obtained from the processing of coal and oil. But this theory cannot explain all the reasons why normal t-axis cells turn into tumor cells. Unsuccessful, which sees the opportunity to significantly prevent tumors. Viral theory - 1911 Peyntomu Rausu discovered on di. U l a r s a r k OMAS tumor cell leakage chicken e mlagan. This theory, such as birds q moments, q uyonlarda, large horned animals and people see more tumors Confirm IQ IRA. Dysontogenetic theory - last century, German scientist Conheim (1839–1884) according to the recommendations of e (POP). Hw happens tumors could you e mbriondagi o ' caused changes. E mbrionda have left cells long Q and QTHQ berry and ask the conditions of their b ö RKE tumor x cells Polyetiological theory - pathologist's laboratory and clinical calls to support d v graduate of cancer chemicals, viruses, helminth cells of the genetic apparatus as normal cells to tumor cells bring. The development of tumors depends on the age, type, gender and even color of the animal. Tumors are more common in older animals. Tumors can develop from any tissue cells. There are 2 types of tumor growth: Expansive growth - in which the tumor compresses the surrounding tissue, pushing it to the side. This way they can be easily cut. This growth is typical for qualitatively safe tumors. Infiltrative growth - in which tumor cells grow between the cells of the surrounding tissue and even grow into blood and lymphatic vessels and spread throughout the body through the blood and lymph. The mechanism by which tumor cells grow between adjacent tissue cells has not yet been determined. Tumor nomenclature is characterized by adding the suffix “oma” to the Greek name of the tissue in which the tumor develops. Only cancer (carcinoma) is free from this. Sarcoma - (buckwheat - fish meat) consists of immature cells, gives metastases and relapses. Where there is connective tissue, sarcoma develops. It is found in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, interstitial connective tissue, fascia, esophagus, ovaries, seminal vesicles, vascular tracts and nerves. Macroscopically, it consists of nodules of different sizes, in the central part of which there are hemorrhages and necrosis. Sarcomas weigh from one gram to several kilograms. Depending on the shape of the cells, the following sarcomas are distinguished. Round cell sarcoma consists of small and large round cells, the nucleus of which is rich in chromatin. The intercellular substance is not developed. Squamous cell carcinoma is a rough structure of flat fibroblast-like cells of varying sizes. The stroma and blood vessels are underdeveloped. Macroscopic view. Sarcomas can range in size from a few grams to tens of kilograms. The color and consistency resembles fish meat. There are hard and soft sarcomas. Sarcoma can develop from all types of connective tissue and looks like fish meat. Sarcoma occurs on the mucous membranes, skin, and subcutaneous tissue. It has a rough, knotty, uneven shape. The consistency can be soft, brainy, sometimes hard. Available in light grey, light red, light brown. Sarcoma occurs in dogs, horses and occasionally cattle. Depending on the shape of the cells, sarcomas are divided into round, flat, various shapes and giant cell sarcomas. Microscopic view. Round cell sarcoma is a low-grade malignant tumor; the parenchymal cells are round in shape and resemble lymphocytes. Large and small round cell sarcomas are different. In a small mirror, all the tissue looks as if it was torn only from the round cells. Connective tissue ligaments are visible between the cells. The vessel (walls) appear wide, the vessel wall is thin. However, in a large mirror, parenchyma cells consist of a membrane-like cytoplasm and a round nucleus rich in chromatin, and these cells are located close to each other. Sometimes small or large areas of necrosis appear. Blood vessels filled with thrombus are also visible. A set of round blue cells appears in the parenchyma. They grow and multiply like young cells. Squamous cell sarcoma. The parenchyma of this tumor consists of flat cells that resemble connective tissue fibroblasts. In small and large mirrors, squamous cells appear as irregular groups or single cells located in different directions. Round cells are also common, distinguished by the fact that they are painted dark. Squamous cells are tightly packed together, making it difficult to determine the intercellular substance between them. The stroma looks bad. It consists of vascular-rich, warm fibrous connective tissue. A small microscope mirror shows the parenchyma and stroma of the sarcoma. The parenchyma is bluish, and the stroma is rich in blood vessels and appears reddish. Under the influence of toxins, it leads to cell division and proliferation and the formation of cancer cells. 5% of tumors are caused by viruses, 5% by radiation, and the remaining 90% by chemicals. 90% to 30% are caused by smoking. The rest is caused by poor nutrition and living conditions. Preneoplasia is a precancerous lesion that has carcinogenic effects. This injury has been found in laboratory animals. 90% to 30% are caused by smoking. The rest is caused by poor nutrition and living conditions. Preneoplasia is a precancerous lesion that has carcinogenic effects. This injury has been found in laboratory animals. 90% to 30% are caused by smoking. The rest is caused by poor nutrition and living conditions. Preneoplasia is a precancerous lesion that has carcinogenic effects. This injury has been found in laboratory animals.