Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Pain, K.G. Fundamentals of pathological anatomy of farm animals / K.G. Bol, B.K. Bol. – M.: Selkhozgiz, 1961. –S. 345-348.
2. Vertinsky, K.I. Pathological anatomy of farm animals / K.I. Vertinsky. – M.: Kolos, 1973. –S. 281-283.
3.Zhakov, M.S. Workshop on pathological anatomy of farm animals / M.S. Zhakov, V.S. Prudnikov, I.A. Anisim, V.V. Vanteev, A.I. Zhukov. – Minsk: Urajai, 1997. –P. 185-187.
4. Zhakov, M.S. Autopsy of animals and differential pathomorphological diagnosis of diseases / M.S. Zhakov, V.S. Prudnikov, I.A. Anisim. – Minsk: Urajai, 1998. –P. 128, 162, 183.
5. Zharov, A.V. Pathological anatomy of farm animals / A.V. Zharov, V.P. Shishkov, M.S. Zhakov, G.Z. Idrisov. – M.: Kolos, 1999. –S. 358-359.
6. Prudnikov, V.S. Pathological anatomy of farm animals / V.S. Prudnikov, A.I. Zhukov, S.P. German. – Minsk: Information Computing Center of the Ministry of Finance, 2010. – P.186-187.

TOPIC 13: PYROPLASMIDOSIS, THEILERIOSIS. PATHOMORPHOLOGY OF COCCIDIOSIS, FACIOLOSIS AND ASCARIDIosis IN ANIMALS.

Plan
1. Etiology, pathogenesis and pathological anatomy, diagnosis and comparative diagnosis of peroplasmidosis and tyleriosis.
2. Etiology, pathogenesis and pathological anatomy, diagnosis and comparative diagnosis of coccidiosis, fasciolosis and ascariasis in domestic animals.
Keywords:
1) Pyroplasmidoses are parasitic diseases of farm animals that parasitize the blood. Parasites develop in two organisms: definitive (primary) 1) canals (intermediate) 2) are mammals. Parasites enter the red blood cells, multiply, produce toxic substances, damage the blood and the walls of blood vessels, sharply reduce the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood, and increase the formation of bilirubin pegmin from hemoglobin. The group of peroplasmidoses includes the following diseases. Nuttaliosis, piroplasmosis, anaplasmosis, Tyleriosis, Franceliosis and babesiosis.
Piroplasmosis (babesiosis) of horses Piroplasmosis (babesiosis) is an obligately transmissible protozoal disease caused by a pigmentless endoglobular blood (erythrocyte) parasite Piroplasma caballi, which is transmitted by ixodid ticks. The disease is characterized by an acute course and is accompanied by a constant high temperature, depression, jaundice, anemia, disruption of the cardiovascular system and digestive tract, the appearance of hemorrhages on visible mucous membranes, sometimes hemoglobinuria and high mortality (30-40%). The pathogen is one of the large endoglobular parasites of erythrocytes, the length of which is usually greater than the radius of erythrocytes. The characteristic shape is considered to be paired “pears” connected by thin ends and located at an acute angle. In addition to the characteristic pear-shaped forms, piroplasms can be round, ring-shaped, or amoeba-shaped, which depends on the stage of the disease. Usually, at the beginning of the disease, round shapes predominate, and at the height of the disease, the ratio of round to pear-shaped is close to 1:1. When carrying parasites, paired pear-shaped forms are usually found. Epizootology. All horses are susceptible to Piroplasma caballi, but the course of the disease and its prognosis depend on age, breed and housing conditions. Young animals tolerate the disease more easily. Purebred animals, especially those brought from a safe zone, suffer piroplasmosis more severely. Donkeys and mules are also susceptible to piroplasmosis, but the disease is mild or asymptomatic. The reserve of the pathogen in nature are tick vectors and recovered animals, with ticks playing the main role. Pathogenesis. The pathogen, inoculated with tick saliva, enters the bloodstream, infects red blood cells, destroys them, anemia develops, and in severe cases, hemoglobinuria. As a result of the proliferation of parasites and the accumulation of their metabolic products in the horse’s body, the activity of the cardiovascular system and digestive organs is disrupted, metabolism changes and irreversible dystrophic changes occur in all organs. Symptoms. The incubation period for natural infection through ticks is usually 8-12 days, for infection with blood, depending on the method of administration and the amount of piroplasm in it, from 2 to 20 days. The course of the disease is acute. The first sign of the disease is an increase in temperature, which after 1-2 days reaches 41 ° C or higher. Fever of a constant type. Characteristic signs of piroplasmosis are depression, fatigue, loss of appetite, a sharp disturbance in cardiac activity (increased heart rate to 80-100 beats per minute, a strong heartbeat), increased breathing. The mucous membranes, initially hyperemic, soon become pale and then icteric (saffron-colored), with striped and spotted hemorrhages. Disorder of the digestive tract is accompanied by flatulence and signs of mild colic. Involuntary muscle contraction is noted. Urine is dark yellow, cloudy, Hemoglobinuria is often observed. The number of red blood cells and hemoglobin decreases sharply, and the ESR is accelerated. Pregnant mares often abort. With an increase in clinical signs, death occurs on the 5th or 8th (less often later) day of illness. Young animals aged 1-2 years get sick easily, while suckling foals at one month of age or during the weaning period get seriously ill. The death of a sick horse occurs with pronounced weakness of the heart and pulmonary edema. Pathological changes. The most constant symptom of piroplasmosis is intense yellowness of the subcutaneous tissue, serous and mucous membranes, as well as adipose tissue. In addition, gelatinous infiltration of the subcutaneous tissue is observed. It is most pronounced in the area of ​​the chest and lower abdominal wall. The mucous membrane of the eyes and oral cavity is pale and almost always with hemorrhages. The abdominal cavity contains reddish fluid, the mucous membrane of the small intestines and areas of the large colon are jaundiced, covered with mucus, with hemorrhages. The bladder contains yellow-reddish urine, and isolated hemorrhages are visible on its mucous membrane. The kidneys are enlarged, flabby, edematous, and there are hemorrhages in the cortex. The spleen is greatly enlarged, there is hemorrhage under the capsule, the edges are blunted. The liver is enlarged, brown-clay colored, full of blood. Lymph nodes are enlarged, juicy, hyperemic or with hemorrhages. The lungs are swollen, and a foamy yellowish-red liquid drains from the cut surface. The mucous membrane of the bronchi and trachea is icteric, has spotty and pinpoint hemorrhages. The cardiac sac contains light yellow fluid, the heart is enlarged, its muscle is flabby, looks like boiled meat, and there are hemorrhages under the epi- and endocardium. The blood is poorly coagulated and watery. The diagnosis of piroplasmosis in the acute course of the disease is not difficult and is usually made on the basis of epizootic data and symptoms of the disease, but the decisive factor is the detection of the causative agent of the disease in thin smears from peripheral blood, stained using the Romanovsky-Giemsa method. The detection of characteristic paired pear-shaped shapes in smears confirms the diagnosis. 11.2. Equine Nuttalliosis Nuttalliosis is a transmissible protozoan disease of monoungulates caused by a pigmentless endoglobular parasite of erythrocytes. The disease occurs acutely, subacutely and rarely chronically; characterized by intermittent fever, depression, anemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes (lemon color), disruption of the cardiovascular system, respiratory and digestive organs. The causative agent has great polymorphism. There are round, ring-shaped, pear-shaped and in the form of a Maltese cross, which is the characteristic form of the pathogen (four pear-shaped or rounded individuals connected to each other). Round shapes predominate. Parasites are never in the form of paired pear-shaped forms, like piroplasmas, and if two pears are found in an erythrocyte, then they are located with the same ends in opposite directions. Epizootology. Nuttalliosis affects horses, donkeys, mules and zebras. 59 Pathogenesis. In the acute course of nuttalliosis, more significant changes in the blood occur and recovery to normal is slower than with piroplasmosis. The acute process that has begun does not always flow intensively and smoothly, as is the case with piroplasmosis, and the moment of the highest development of invasion is difficult to detect. In addition to the acute course, there may be other forms of the disease, relapses are possible, and the appearance of nuttallia in the blood in some cases is not always accompanied by an increase in temperature. Symptoms. When infected through ticks, the incubation period lasts 1-2, and sometimes 3 weeks; when infected with blood, it may be shorter, which depends on the method of administration and the intensity of parasitemia. In the acute course of nuttalliosis, observed more often in the southern zone, an intermittent type of fever is noted. The high temperature (up to 41.5 °C) lasts 2-3 days, drops to normal, and then rises again. Animals are depressed, reluctant to eat food or refuse it altogether, and lose weight. They experience intestinal atony, increased heart rate, rapid and labored breathing. From 3-4 days of illness, yellowness of the mucous membranes appears. In severe cases of the disease, striped and spotted hemorrhages are clearly visible on the visible mucous membrane. Sometimes hemoglobinuria develops. The number of red blood cells decreases to 2.5-3 million, the hemoglobin content to 2-3 g%, the ESR accelerates, and the alkaline reserve of the blood drops sharply. Throughout the disease, large and medium-sized nuttallia are detected in blood smears. As the symptoms of the disease increase, death occurs in the first two weeks of the disease. After recovering from the disease, animals remain nutallium carriers for a long period of time, having non-sterile immunity. A subacute course is typical for nuttalliosis in mid-latitudes, when infection occurs through ticks of the genus Dermacentor and is accompanied by the same symptom complex as in the acute course, but less pronounced. The temperature rises to 39.5-40°C, intermittent fever. Appetite is often preserved. The mucous membrane is anemic and icteric. The disease lasts about a month and, with improved housing and feeding conditions, ends with the recovery of the animals. Animals that have recovered from the disease remain parasite carriers, they develop non-sterile immunity, but after 1-2 years they can easily become ill, having become infected with a more virulent strain of nuttallia. Nuttalliosis rarely occurs chronically. The symptoms are not clearly expressed, the disease lasts up to three months or more. The temperature rises briefly. A characteristic sign is yellowness of the visible mucous membrane. Nuttallia are relatively easily detected in the blood, among which medium and small forms predominate; the Maltese cross form is often found. Mortality is rare. Some animals that have recovered from the disease may experience relapses under stressful conditions, which are characterized by an increase in parasitemia and the appearance of symptoms of nuttalliosis. Relapses usually resolve without treatment in sick animals. Pathological changes. When autopsying the corpses of animals that died during the period of acute illness with nuttalliosis, attention is drawn to the pronounced yellowness of the mucous and serous membranes, subcutaneous tissue, muscles and connective tissue; flabbiness of the heart muscle, hyperplasia of the spleen, hemorrhages under the epi- and endocardium, pulmonary edema, enlarged lymph nodes and the presence of hemorrhages in them. In the bladder, urine is often red (hemoglobinuria). In subacute and chronic course, the changes are less pronounced. 60 Diagnosis in the acute and subacute course of nuttalliosis is not difficult and is usually made on the basis of taking into account epizootic data and the clinical picture, confirmed by a positive result, and microscopic studies of peripheral blood smears stained according to Romanovsky from sick animals. 11.3. Piroplasmosis (babesiosis) in cattle Caused by Piroplasma bigeminum. In the blood of sick animals it has predominantly round, often pear-shaped (which predominates at the height of invasion), amoeboid, triple shape, etc. The number of parasites in one erythrocyte is 1-2, less often 3-4. Epizootology. All breeds of cattle, including buffalo and zebu, are susceptible to piroplasmosis. Imported livestock and purebred animals are most susceptible. Buffaloes, zebu and their crosses, as well as young cattle usually get sick easily. The season of the disease is associated with the activity of tick vectors. Usually two outbreaks of the disease are recorded: spring in March - May and summer in July. In the southern regions, two or more generations of the pathogen develop during the season; outbreaks of piroplasmosis can occur in the fall—in September—October, and sometimes in November. Pathogenesis. Piroplasma bigeminum initially develops in the capillaries of parenchymal organs and the brain, and then in the peripheral blood of animals by simple division in two or budding; some authors describe multiple fission. The pathological process develops in the body as parasites multiply in the red blood cells of peripheral blood and parenchymal organs and accumulate the products of their vital activity. Massive breakdown of red blood cells leads to hemoglobinuria. With increasing intoxication, the porosity of blood vessels increases, blood circulation and metabolism are disrupted, and irreversible degenerative processes occur in the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, spleen and other organs, causing clinical symptoms. Symptoms. The incubation period for infection through ticks is 8-12 days, rarely longer; for blood infection - 3-15 days, depending on the degree of invasion of the material used for infection and the method of infection (intravenous, subcutaneous). At the end of the incubation period, body temperature rises to 41 ° C and higher, at this level it is sometimes maintained for 3-4 days, more often 5-10 and less often more. The course of the disease is acute. The type of fever is constant or intermittent. Sick animals are severely depressed, they stop chewing cud, they refuse food, they quickly get tired (they lag behind the herd during grazing, they lie down more); there is rapid breathing, shaking of the left chest wall behind the forelimb from increased heartbeats, muscle tremors; The nasal mucosa is dry, the base of the horns is hot. Cows sharply reduce their milk yield. By the 3-4th day of the disease, yellowness of the mucous membranes, hemorrhages (usually spotty) in the mucous membrane of the eyes, and sometimes anemia appear; urine becomes reddish. The functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted: the diarrhea observed at the onset of the disease is replaced by constipation with the presence of mucus or blood clots in the stool. Animals lose weight quickly. 61 Pyroplasmas appear in the peripheral blood from the first days of the disease. The prevalence of erythrocytes by parasites ranges from 2 to 10-15%. In severe cases of the disease, these signs progress rapidly, and death occurs more often on the 3rd or 4th day, less often later; abortions are sometimes observed in pregnant animals. The mortality rate of animals varies widely - 20-30%, sometimes reaching 50% and higher. In most cases, young animals get sick more easily. Animals over 10 years of age are especially seriously ill. Pathological changes. Animal corpses are often emaciated. The mucous membranes, subcutaneous tissue, intermuscular connective tissue, fascia, tendons, and fat are sharply jaundiced. The subcutaneous tissue and lymph nodes are swollen, the latter are sometimes hyperemic and contain hemorrhages. Skeletal muscles are anemic and icteric. The blood is watery, coagulates well, the spleen is sharply enlarged. The buds are swollen, softened, the boundaries of the layers on the section are smoothed. The liver is enlarged. The gallbladder is filled with thick bile. The bladder contains urine that is pink or dark brown in color. There are hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the abomasum, small and large intestines; the book is often filled with dry content. The lungs are swollen. The myocardium is in a state of granular dystrophy, has the appearance of boiled meat, often with hemorrhages under the epi- and endocardium. Significant hemorrhages sometimes occur in the brain. The diagnosis is made on the basis of epidemiological data with the obligatory microscopic examination of blood smears taken during the life of the animal. Piroplasms are usually found in them from the first day of temperature rise. Piroplasmosis must be differentiated from southern babesiosis (francaiellosis), leptospirosis, hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax. In addition to cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other animals suffer from piroplasmosis. Immunity. Animals that have recovered from the disease usually acquire immunity for a year (sometimes 4-6 months). However, there are cases of recurrent piroplasmosis during one warm season. 11.4. Southern babesiosis (francaiellosis) in cattle. The most severe course of the disease is caused by B. Colchica (B. bovis). Spreading. In our country, the disease is registered in those places where piroplasmosis also occurs, and in the same season, but more often than the last, often in the form of an invasion mixed with it. The causative agent is B. Colchica (B. bovis) often has a round, less often pear-shaped, shape, etc. One erythrocyte usually contains 1-2, rarely more, parasites. The arrangement of the two parasites in a shape resembling glasses is considered characteristic. Pear-shaped forms are somewhat smaller in size than similar forms of piroplasms, but wider. Symptoms of francaiellosis or southern babesiosis are similar to those of piroplasmosis. The incubation period for infection through ticks lasts 8-15 days, for infection by blood - 7-21 days. The duration of the disease is 3-8 days. Bloody urine appears at the end of the disease. Animals die 5-6 days after the onset of the disease. Elevated body temperature (41°C and above) persists constantly. 62 It should be noted that this disease is usually more severe than piroplasmosis with a higher mortality rate. Pathological changes are similar to those of piroplasmosis. The diagnosis is quite difficult to make, since the invasion of peripheral blood erythrocytes is weak, and microscopic examination, especially on the first day of illness, can give negative results. Therefore, with Fransaiellosis, repeated studies are often required in subsequent days of illness. It is necessary to take into account the possibility of the simultaneous course of this disease and piroplasmosis. 11.5. Theileriosis in cattle Theileriosis is an acute or subacute vector-borne disease of domestic and some wild animals caused by non-pigmented protozoa of the genus Theileria (T. annulata, T. orientalis, T. sergenti). In sick animals, enlarged lymph nodes, high temperature, parasitemia of cells of the lymph nodes and parenchymal organs, and then red blood cells, dysfunction of the cardiovascular and digestive systems are noted. Economic damage. Theileriosis is the most dangerous of the blood-parasitic diseases of cattle. It causes great economic damage to livestock farming. Losses are determined by the high mortality rate (40-80%) of sick animals, abortions, barrenness and a decrease in milk productivity of cows, a decrease in weight and deterioration in the quality of meat of slaughter animals, and the costs of maintaining and treating sick animals. Theileria pomegranate bodies develop only in the lymphoid cells of the host. Epizootology. Theileriosis affects cattle of all breeds and age groups, buffaloes and zebu. Young animals get sick more easily than older animals. The source of invasion is sick animals and animals carrying Theileria. Theileriosis is an obligately transmissible disease. Pathological changes. The corpse's hair is disheveled. The skin in non-pigmented areas is sometimes slightly jaundiced. In the area of ​​the external genitalia and ears, grayish-black spotted hemorrhages and grayish-red dense nodules are found. The mucous membranes are pale, with an icteric tint, often with pinpoint and streaky hemorrhages. Subcutaneous tissue is icteric, in places (usually in the area of ​​the shoulder blades and chest) it is gelatinously infiltrated. Superficial lymph nodes are enlarged, juicy on section, hyperemic, with extensive hemorrhages under the capsule and in the parenchyma. A small amount of clear yellowish or reddish liquid is found in the chest cavity. The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is dotted with hemorrhages. The costal and pulmonary pleura are icteric, sometimes with pinpoint hemorrhages. The lungs are anemic, their apices are emphysematous, and hemorrhages are noticeable under the capsule and in the parenchyma. The heart is slightly enlarged, its muscle is flabby, grayish-yellow in color; The heart sac contains a transparent pink liquid. On the epicardium and endocardium there are pinpoint, diffuse or banded hemorrhages. 63 The peritoneum is icteric, often with hemorrhages. The liver is saffron-yellow or red-brown, enlarged, flabby, with hemorrhages under the capsule and in the parenchyma. The gallbladder is distended with dark green thick and sometimes granular bile. Its wall is edematous, on the mucous membrane there are single or multiple spotty hemorrhages and individual granulomas. The spleen is enlarged 1.5 - 2 times, softened, dark cherry in color when cut, the pulp is granular, gives a large scraping, there is hemorrhage under the capsule. The kidneys, enclosed in hemorrhagically infiltrated perirenal tissue, are enlarged; pinpoint hemorrhages are noticeable under their capsule, as well as in the cortical and medulla layers and on the mucous membrane of the pelvis. The bladder contains clear, light or dark yellow urine. Pinpoint hemorrhages are visible on its mucous membrane. The book is filled with dense and dry food masses. The mucous membrane of the abomasum is thickened, swollen, and hyperemic. It contains a large number of pinpoint or diffuse hemorrhages, ulcers, gray spots and nodules. The ulcers are round in shape, with a diameter from 2 to 12 mm. Their edges are wide, smooth, very swollen, reddish in color; the bottom is crater-shaped, gray-yellow or yellow-brown in color. Spots and nodules the size of a pinhead to a lentil protrude slightly above the mucous membrane of the abomasum. The mucous membrane of the small intestine is swollen, patchily hyperemic, with hemorrhages, and covered with mucus. In the duodenum there are ulcers and small nodules (the latter predominate). The mucous membrane of the large intestine is swollen, covered with mucus, reddened in places, with isolated hemorrhages. Theileriosis is especially characterized by granuloma-like lesions. In the liver, kidneys, heart, skeletal muscles, they first look like red, and later gray-yellowish or gray-whitish nodules; in the skin, on the mucous membrane of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, intestines, gall and bladder - red, and then pale red tubercles and flat plaques. On the mucous membrane of the abomasum, granuloma-like lesions initially appear as red tubercles, which undergo disintegration with the formation of erosions and ulcerations. Histological changes in the acute course of theileriosis are characterized by morphological manifestations of the vascular reaction: dystonia, stasis, pericapillary edema, microerythrodiapedesis, as well as swelling and weak proliferation of the endothelium and adventitial histiocytes. In parenchymal organs there is cloudy swelling of individual cells. In the subacute course, chronic interstitial inflammation is noted, which is accompanied by the appearance of specific granuloma-like formations in various organs and the development of a sclerotic process. The diagnosis is made based on the results of a comprehensive study. In this case, epizootological data, symptoms of the disease, pathological changes are taken into account and microscopic examinations of smears from punctate lymph nodes, spleen and blood are carried out. Questions for self-control 1. Pathological changes in piroplasmosis (babesiosis) of horses. 2. Pathological changes in equine nuttalliosis. 3. Pathological changes in piroplasmosis (babesiosis) in cattle. 4. Pathological changes in southern babesiosis (francaiellosis) in cattle. 64 5. Pathological changes in theileriosis of cattle. THEILERIOSIS is the most dangerous blood parasitic disease, characterized by the formation of stars on the mucous membrane. Cattle are very susceptible to disease.
Etiology and pathogenesis. The disease is called annular theileria. The sexual development stage of the parasite takes place in the body of the canals, and when the canals are bitten, they pass through the saliva to mammals, enter the red blood cells in the lymph nodes and blood vessels, produce toxins and spread throughout the body, septic changes develop.
Pathanatomy is characterized by 3 different stages 1) At the first stage, enlargement of the lymph nodes is characterized by the formation of hemorrhages in them, the accumulation of hemorrhagic exudates. 2) in the second stage of the disease
Lasts up to 6-15 days under the influence of parasites and toxins produced in all internal organs, even in skeletal muscles, nodules the size of a needle tip are formed on the skin, the middle of the nodules deepens, the edges have edges, and star-shaped wounds are formed. These wounds turn white, dry out and fall off, leaving only mucous membranes. 3) At the third stage of the disease, anemia and cachexia develop. Death can occur in the second and third stages.
Diagnostics and comparative diagnosis. The disease is diagnosed based on clinical signs, hematological studies, pathological changes and time of year.
Tayloriosis differs from the following diseases: peroplasmidosis, gastritis, anemia and leptospirosis. Tayloriosis differs from the above diseases by the pathogen and lesions formed in the spleen.
2) Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease found in farm and wild animals, poultry, fish and other animals.
Etiology and pathogenesis. All coccidia are intracellular parasites that are located in the epithelium of the intestinal mucosa, bile ducts and renal tubules. Coccidiosis is common in chickens, rabbits, calves and piglets. It is characterized by bloody diarrhea.
Pathanatomy. From two weeks to 3-4 months, birds get sick and die. The bird's body is very thin, from the feathers around the ears, hemorrhagic inflammation develops in the colon, especially in the colon contaminated with bloody feces, mixed food appears in the blood. White foci of necrosis form on the intestinal mucosa.
In rabbits, the disease takes 3 different forms: 1) intestinal form, 2) hepatic form, 3) mixed form. The shape of the intestine is similar to that of a bird, but no foci of necrosis are formed. In liver form, coccidia multiply in the epithelial cells of the bile ducts, forming bone tumors and pathways; the same changes are observed in the liver parenchyma. In the mixed form of the disease, the intestines and liver are also affected.
Diagnostics and comparative diagnosis. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical signs, caprological studies and pathological changes. Coccidiosis differs from the following diseases: interritis, colitis, tastritis and poisoning. Coccidiosis differs from the diseases listed above by the pathogen and the formation of necrosis in the intestine.
FASCIOLIS is a helminthic disease that occurs in farm animals and parasitizes two parasites belonging to the class of trematodes: faciola hepatica and faciola gigantica in the liver, bile ducts and gall bladder. Fascioliasis primarily affects rabbits, goats, and cattle. The disease is rare in horses, pigs, camels, reindeer, rabbits and rodents. People with fascioliasis can also get sick.
The etiology and pathogenesis of fasciolae develop in two organisms - mollusks and mammals. As a result of the dissolution of the adolescaria cyst in the stomach of animals, young fascioli enter the intestinal wall and enter the lymphatic vessels, leaving the vessels and entering the liver parenchyma, from where they migrate into the bile ducts, leading to the formation of parenchymal mechanical hepatitis.
Pathological Anatomy Several liters of fluid accumulate in the abdominal cavity of a body that has died from fascioliasis. As the liver increases in size, leaf-shaped fascioli appear in the bile ducts, gallbladder, and liver parenchyma. The parasite can also move from the liver to the lungs by puncturing the diaphragm.
Diagnosis and comparative diagnosis are made on the basis of clinical signs, epizootic data, caprological studies and pathological changes. Fascioliasis differs from the following diseases: hepatitis, serous, poisoning, tuberculosis and toxic liver dystrophy. Fascioliasis differs from the above diseases in its causative agent.
Ascariasis. Roundworms are the most common intestinal nematodes. Roundworms are parasitic in the small intestine, and when they reach sexual maturity, the females hatch and one soldier lays 100,200,000 eggs per day.
The larvae of invasive eggs appear in the stomach and intestines of animals, slowly mature sexually and become a mature roundworm.
Pathanatomy. The impact of roundworm on the body is of three types - mechanical, dystrophic and toxic.
With the mechanical impact of a large number of intestinal parasites in winter, the walls of the intestinal cavity and together they yupkalashtirib, the mucous membranes burn atrophyalashtirib, cover a large node without changing the burn of the intestinal tract, intussusception even through the intestinal walls can be
Dystrophic and toxic factors work together. The small intestine contains a large number of parasites that eat most of the food that enters the body, causing the animal to lose weight. They disrupt the activity of the digestive glands and intestinal villi. The waste produced by roundworms damages the animal's nervous system. The formation of tumors and rashes on the skin (in pigs) is a clear manifestation of toxic effects. The beginning of the form