Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Zharov A.V. Pathological anatomy of animals. – St. Petersburg; M.; Krasnodar: Lan, 2013. – 620 p. – Access mode: EBS “Lan” (http://e.lanbook.com), ISBN: 978-5-8114-1450-5 2. Zharov A.V. Forensic veterinary medicine. Textbook. – St. Petersburg; M.; Krasnodar: Lan, 2014. – 464 p.

15 TOPIC: Autopsy and veterinary-court examination. Methods and practice of autopsy.

Plan
1. Appointment of an expert, his duties and rights.
2. Types of forensic veterinary examination.
3. The procedure for writing protocols and acts.
1) The activities of a veterinarian are varied, one of which is to act as an expert. The judge, prosecutor and investigator, at the proposal of the parties, can also appoint an expert when initiating criminal cases against animals and birds. Everyone with a veterinary education has the right to be an expert. Based on this, the veterinarian may refuse to be an expert in the following cases.
1) Communication in a criminal case
2) relates to criminals
3) in the presence of a witness
The evidence recommended during the examination consists of studying and summarizing processes using methods of veterinary examination of objects. The investigator and prosecutor explain the criminal case to the expert and warn him not to disclose it, after which evidence and documents related to the criminal case are recommended. The expert has the right to request additional equipment for examining evidence. Evidence includes the animal's body, internal organs, organ parts, gastrointestinal fluids, blood and veterinary records, and records are examined by special methods. The expert's report must contain a detailed description of the quantity, quality, condition and date of receipt of evidence, methods and results of the study. The expert will assist in initiating a criminal case in whole or in part.
2) Types of forensic veterinary examination.
1) Comprehensive examination - this examination involves several specialists (veterinarian, livestock specialist, accountant, etc.) who examine the evidence according to their specialization and give their conclusions individually or as a whole.
2) Forensic examination - in this examination, the veterinarian participates in the process, answers questions from the defense lawyer and the victim, looks at the judge, and then reads the questions and answers of the secretary and confirms with his signature.
3) Consideration of civil cases - in this examination, the separation of animals is carried out in cases of purchase and sale, violation of contract.
4) Examination of Evidence - In this examination, evidence related to the criminal case is recommended to the expert and the examination is carried out using veterinary forensic techniques.
3) There are two documents in forensic medical examination and forensic veterinary examination.
1) Protocol
2) The Protocol Act consists of 3 parts.
1. Introduction
2) Descriptive part
3) Conclusion
The epicrisis is recorded only in the protocol. The act consists of 2 parts:.
1. Introduction
2) Conclusion
The introduction and conclusion sections are designed in the same way as the duct
In the neurilemma, at different stages of fetal development, myelin appears, which improves the conductivity of nerve fibers, which is associated with the improvement of both the brain and executive organs. Such nerve fibers are called myelin - pulpy, in contrast to amyelin - non-myelinated, which have a slower conduction of impulses.
Somewhat later, microglia from cells of mesenchymal origin appear in the central nervous system. Microglia enter the brain along with blood vessels.
Introduction to the discipline “Forensic Veterinary Examination” Forensic veterinary examination, its content, significance for veterinary science and practice. History of the development of forensic veterinary examination, its connection with forensic medicine, biological veterinary sciences. Material for research: corpses of dead and killed animals, organs and tissues obtained during autopsies of animals, surgical operations, biopsies. Methods for macroscopic study of pathological material: autopsy of animal corpses, biopsy, experimental reproduction of diseases. Methods for microscopic examination of pathological material: histological, histochemical, immunomorphological, electron microscopic and others. Levels of studying the morphology (structure) of general pathological (typical) processes and diseases: population, organismal, systemic, organ, tissue, cellular, subcellular (ultrastructural), molecular. 1. GENERAL FORENSIC VETERINARY EXAMINATION 1.1 Scientific, methodological, procedural and organizational foundations of forensic veterinary examination Definition of forensic veterinary examination, its importance in the national economy in resolving special issues by investigative, court and prosecutorial authorities and in the legal training of specialists. Fundamentals of forensic veterinary examination: articles of the Criminal and Civil Procedure Codes, Veterinary Charter, Veterinary Legislation. 1.2 Organization of forensic veterinary examination in the Republic of Belarus The procedure for appointing an examination by the court, investigative bodies, prosecutor's office, economic court. Expert's choice. The rights and obligations of an expert, his challenge, the expert’s conclusion, his responsibility and significance for legal authorities. 1.3 Certain types of forensic veterinary examination Types of forensic veterinary examination: comprehensive, examination in court, examination of civil cases and case materials. Reasons for ordering examinations on materials of criminal and civil cases. Objects of research. Organization and methodology of examinations. 1.4 Examination of physical evidence Basic provisions. Forensic examination of hair, blood, animal corpses. Features of forensic veterinary autopsy. Inspection of the corpse at the 8th place where it was found. Posthumous changes and their judicial significance. Documentation of the autopsy. Scheme for preparing a forensic veterinary autopsy report. Forensic examination of an exhumed corpse or individual organs. 1.5 Forensic thanatology Forensic veterinary autopsy of corpses of various species of animals (demonstration autopsy), purpose and objectives, features. Differences between a forensic veterinary autopsy and a pathological examination. Methods for extracting and studying internal organs and the brain. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. Expert opinion, its structure and content. The doctrine of death. Terminal conditions and their judicial significance. Clinical and biological death. Morphology of acute (fast) death and agonal (slow). The concept of the cause and genesis of death. Cadaveric changes and their practical significance. Cooling the corpse. Rigor mortis, mechanisms and timing of its development. Phenomena of partial (local) drying. Cadaveric spots, stages and timing of their development. Corpse decomposition: autolysis and putrefaction. The influence of environmental conditions and other factors on the course of decay processes. Difference between intravital and postmortem injuries. Taking and sending pathological material for laboratory research. Features of pathohistological, bacteriological, virological, chemical-toxicological diagnostics. The procedure for preparing and sending accompanying documents. 2. PRIVATE FORENSIC VETERINARY EXAMINATION 2.1 Forensic traumatology The concept of injury and traumatism. Trauma and its types. Causes of injuries. The importance of forensic veterinary examinations in the prevention of various types of injuries. Mechanical damage and their morphological characteristics: abrasions, bruises, hematomas, wounds, displacements, dislocations, fractures. Gunshot damage. Complications of injuries, their morphological characteristics. Exacerbation of diseases due to injury. Causes of death due to mechanical damage, their morphological manifestations. Determination of intravital and postmortem origin of injury. Forensic veterinary examination of mechanical injuries, type, duration, degree of decrease in the working capacity and productivity of animals, illness and death caused by high and low temperatures (sun and heat stroke, burns, frostbite, freezing). Local and general effects of high temperature. Burns. Burn disease. Outcomes of burns. Issues to be resolved during the examination of burns. The general effect of high temperature on the body. Heat and sunstroke, thanatogenesis, sectional diagnostics. General and local effect of low temperature. Death from general cooling of the body and its signs on the corpse. Frostbite, its degree, morphological characteristics. Conditions conducive to death from general cooling. Signs of freezing corpses. Electrical injury. Mechanisms of action of electric current on the body. Conditions influencing the outcome of electrical injury. Morphology of electrical trauma. Features of inspection of the scene of an incident and forensic veterinary examination in cases of electrical injury. Lightning injuries, thanatogenesis, sectional diagnostics. 2.2 Forensic veterinary examination of sudden death Sudden death, its causes. Factors contributing to sudden death. Shock, death from rupture of organs and large blood vessels. Sudden death in some acute and chronic diseases. Death from thromboembolism of blood vessels. Death due to myocardial damage. Cardiac death. Transport sickness. 2.3 Forensic veterinary examination of cases of animal death from asphyxia The concept of asphyxia. Clinical manifestation of asphyxia. The main pathomorphological signs of asphyxia. Forensic veterinary examination of cases of death of animals due to strangulation on a leash and in unventilated premises, due to blockage of the trachea and esophagus, pneumonia, drowning, stillbirth, fetal asphyxia, and physical overload. 2.4 Forensic veterinary toxicology The concept of poison. Forensic veterinary determination of poisoning. Determination of toxic substances that caused death, illness or decreased vitality and productivity of animals. The entry of poison into the animal’s body, its action and routes of excretion. Clinical manifestation of poisoning. Pathological changes in poisoning. Forensic chemical analysis. Rules for taking and sending pathological material in case of suspected poisoning. Classification of poisonings. Forensic veterinary examination of animal poisoning with mineral and plant poisons, pesticides, herbicides, spoiled feed. Clinical signs, pathomorphological changes and methods for identifying plant, mineral, industrial, gaseous toxic substances, pesticides and herbicides. Identifying the causes of poisoning in animals. 2.5 Examination of animals for diseases caused by improper feeding, maintenance and operation Forensic veterinary examination of diseases and death of animals due to food and water starvation, improper feeding and maintenance, improper operation. Animal diseases caused by feed containing fungi and mycotoxins: aspergillosis, actinomycosis, fusariotoxicosis, stachybotriotoxicosis and other mycotoxicoses. Diseases of animals from feeding gas-forming and poor-quality feed: tympany, acute dilatation of the stomach, acute intestinal flatulence, stagnation of intestinal contents. Diseases from overfeeding. Examination of violations of zoohygienic conditions for keeping animals. 10 2.6 Forensic veterinary examination of damage caused by radiation The effect of ionizing radiation on the body. Acute and chronic radiation sickness, features of the study of a corpse. Local radiation injuries. 2.7 Forensic veterinary examination in controversial issues of purchase and sale of animals Forensic veterinary examination in controversial issues of purchase and sale of animals; examination of non-contagious, infectious and invasive diseases, insufficient productivity and performance of animals identified after the purchase of animals. Forensic veterinary examination of issues of combating infectious diseases. Violation of quarantine measures and rules for transporting animals. Transmission of infection by people. Violation of veterinary and sanitary rules and instructions. 2.8 Forensic veterinary examination of food and raw materials of animal origin Violation of the rules of veterinary and sanitary supervision over the slaughter of animals. Forensic veterinary examination of meat and meat products from patients, killed in agony or dead animals. Determination of the species and quality of meat and meat products. Recognition of meat of various types of animals by external properties, organoleptic characteristics, anatomical features of the structure of body parts, skeletal bones, on the comparative anatomy of internal organs, on the physicochemical properties of fat, on the precipitation reaction and qualitative reaction to complex polysaccharides. Detection of food fraud. 2.9 Forensic veterinary examination based on court case materials Forensic veterinary examination based on court case materials, veterinary reporting documents, etc. 2.10 Forensic deontology Examination of violations of professional activity in the field of veterinary medicine. Identification of cases of illegal interference in veterinary activities by persons without special education. Liability for negligence, delegation of functions, untimely provision of veterinary care or refusal of it, inaction resulting in material damage to livestock or illness of people and animals. Forensic veterinary examination of the activities of veterinary personnel in the event of the emergence and spread of infectious animal diseases, violations of quarantine rules, transportation of animals, other rules and instructions of the Veterinary Charter and veterinary legislation. Medical errors, careless actions, accidents due to the fault of veterinary specialists. Criminal, administrative and financial liability of veterinary specialists in case of professional misconduct.