Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Zharov A.V. Pathological anatomy of animals. – St. Petersburg; M.; Krasnodar: Lan, 2013. – 620 p. – Access mode: EBS “Lan” (http://e.lanbook.com), ISBN: 978-5-8114-1450-5 2. Zharov A.V. Forensic veterinary medicine. Textbook. – St. Petersburg; M.; Krasnodar: Lan, 2014. – 464 p.

Subject-14:Pathomorphology of diseases caused by protozoa and helminths. Pathomorphology of piraplasmosis, theileriosis, coccidiosis and fascioliasis in domestic animals

Plan

1. 
   Organizationand methods of autopsy
   
2. 
   The procedure for autopsy
   

In veterinary practice, a pathological diagnosis is made by dissecting the body. This is a detailed study of external and internal changes in the body. In addition, pathological material is removed from the body and histological studies are carried out in laboratories. Blood is taken from the body and a bacterioscopy is performed. Based on the results of the above examination, a pathological diagnosis is made. This will determine the cause of death of the animal. Sale of meat is allowed. Other sick animals in the herd are treated separately. The rest will be prevented.
The purpose of autopsy of animal and bird corpses is as follows:
1. Determination of the cause of death.
2. Pathotomy diagnosis.
3. Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis.
4. Study the pathogenesis of diseases.
5. Disease prevention.
6. Treatment of diseases.
7. Determination of the quality of livestock and poultry products.
8. Forensic veterinary examination.
9. Study the mechanism of action of veterinary drugs.
To achieve the above goals, the body is torn apart in the following order. First, the anamnesis data is studied. This can be determined from the owner's question or response or from the information contained in the appeal. Then the body information is read. This includes body build, breed, sex, age, owner, address, diet, living conditions, time of illness, clinical signs, treatments, drugs or vaccines used in treatment, date and time of death of the animal, etc. is determined.
Pathological autopsy of the body is carried out in special rooms - autopsy rooms. This room should have the necessary equipment and tools. To open a corpse, various knives, scissors, saws, pliers and wire cutters are used. When autopsying a corpse, dissectors must enter the dissecting room in special clothing. When performing an autopsy on each corpse, the time and place of the autopsy should be clearly indicated.
The corpses of animals and birds are opened using the following method.
1. Eviceration - tearing apart the carcasses of sheep, goats, pigs and poultry. Once the chest and abdomen are opened, all internal organs are immediately removed from the corpse and then examined.
2. Evisection method - autopsy of large horned animals, horses and donkeys. Internal organs are removed from the corpse and changes in them are studied.
3. Vsevolodov’s method - only bird corpses are opened. The corpse's shoulder blades are partially torn off and then stretched out. As a result, the chest cavity and abdomen open simultaneously.
4. Systematic method - based on anamnestic data, the necessary systemic organs are first examined.
The above methods are demonstrated using animals and poultry as examples. Dissection procedures are also taught during method demonstrations. First, the anamnesis data is determined. The place and time of the autopsy will be determined. Equipment and clothing were manufactured. Then the appearance of the corpse is determined, paying attention to the integrity of the skin and natural openings.
The skin of the corpse is removed, and the subcutaneous tissue is examined. The chest and abdominal cavities are opened and euthanasia is performed.
Internal organs are examined according to five indicators (size, shape, color, consistency, cut surface).
The pathoanatomical diagnosis is made on organs with changes.
Students will be taken to a breakout room where they will be shown the equipment on a special table in the classroom and explained how to use it. A set of department equipment will also be presented.
Knives are used for cutting skin, cutting organs. when using them, of course, the sharp part moves downwards.
Scissors are used to cut the gastrointestinal tract, esophagus and larynx.
Secateurs are used to cut ribs and chest.
Saw - used for opening the brain, cutting bones.
Clamps are used to hold organs and tissues. The above equipment can be used as a body specimen or as a museum specimen.
Each student will try out the instruments with their own hands.
Examination of the body for pathological diagnosis is carried out in the following order:
Examine the appearance of the corpse. In this case, the corpse is examined from the outside, and attention is paid to its appearance. Initially, the integrity of the body is considered. Attention to the removal of feathers or fur, the appearance and condition of natural openings (mouth, ears, eyes, etc.). Posthumously modified
Forensic veterinary examination of an animal corpse The Law of the Russian Federation “On Veterinary Medicine” entrusts the State Veterinary Service with the tasks of protecting the population from diseases common to humans and animals, as well as ensuring the usefulness and safety of animal products. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 706 of June 19, 1994 approved the “Regulations on state veterinary supervision in the Russian Federation.” The bodies of state veterinary supervision are the management bodies, institutions and organizations of the State Veterinary Service of the Russian Federation. They develop and implement veterinary measures and a system of control by state veterinary inspectors - heads of veterinary institutions and organizations over compliance and implementation by all legal entities and individuals of veterinary rules for the protection of animals, the usefulness and safety of raw materials and products of animal origin, including measures for the prevention and elimination of diseases, common to humans and animals. In all cases of non-compliance or violation of the above fundamental laws, as well as other regulations, legal entities and individuals causing damage to the state, the health of citizens or their property are required by law to be brought to judicial or civil liability. Based on the Criminal Procedure Code, Art. 78 paragraph “Examination” (p. 41), “an examination is appointed in cases where special knowledge in science, technology, art or craft is required during an inquiry, preliminary investigation and trial...” Any person who has the necessary knowledge to give an opinion may be called as an expert. Prosecutor's office, court, investigation and inquiry authorities have the right to involve veterinarians to consider court cases as experts in cases where issues arise that require special knowledge related to veterinary medicine - a complex of sciences that study the biology and pathology of animals, methods and ways to preserve the health of animals and prevent their diseases, protect people from diseases common to humans and animals. Veterinarians carry out a special veterinary examination not only by order of the investigative and court authorities in accordance with the criminal, criminal procedure, civil and civil procedural codes, but also by state arbitration to resolve property disputes between public and private institutions, enterprises, organizations and individuals, in in particular, when buying and selling animals, raw materials and products of 121 animal and plant origin. The Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation was adopted by the State Duma on April 5, 1995 and put into effect as Federal Law No. 71-FZ on May 5, 1995. Protection of property and other interests of individuals and legal entities in the event of death (death) of animals from diseases and traumatic injuries, received by animals as a result of insurance events, is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Insurance” dated November 27, 1992 N° 4015-1, as well as other regulations. In accordance with the Insurance Agreement, insurance compensation related to losses from accidents, illness and death of animals is paid based on the conclusion of a veterinary service specialist. General procedure for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. The corpses of animals that died a violent death, died suddenly, died or died in the hospital of a medical institution are subject to forensic veterinary examination if the investigation authorities have received a statement about improper actions of veterinary workers. The forensic expert is faced with the task of not only conducting a pathoanatomical autopsy (establishing the cause and genesis of death, comparing clinical and anatomical diagnoses), but also determining the duration of death, lifetime and duration of injury, studying the case materials, formulating and justifying answers to the investigator’s questions, and drawing up an expert opinion. The forensic veterinary examination of a corpse includes the following actions by the expert: - studying the resolution on the appointment of the examination and clarifying the tasks set by the investigator; - determining the sufficiency of the source materials to answer the questions posed and drawing up a petition to the investigator to provide the necessary additional materials; - drawing up a plan for conducting the examination; - study of veterinary documentation and case materials; - external examination of the corpse; - internal examination of the corpse; - removal, packaging and direction of biological objects for additional research; - study of the results of additional studies; - analysis and synthesis of the results of all studies conducted; - making a diagnosis; - formulation and substantiation of conclusions (answers to the investigator’s questions and conclusions at the initiative of the expert); - drawing up an expert opinion. Technique for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 1. External examination of the corpse. This stage is the main one for establishing signs of the general and individual structure and development of the body, determining the duration of death by the severity of cadaveric phenomena and the degree of preservation of physiological reactions in the tissues of the dead body. 2. Internal research. A mandatory opening of three cavities is carried out: cranial, pleural, abdominal. 3. Additional research during the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. The list of additional methods for examining a corpse is determined: 122 - cause of death; - nature of damage; - private tasks that are set before the expert by the investigator, the inquiry, the court. Microscopic research methods are carried out: - microscopy in transmitted light; - comparative fluorescence microscopy; - microscopy in ultraviolet and infrared rays. Photographic research methods: - microphotography; - photographing organs; - details of the corpse. Laboratory methods for diagnosing drowning: - research on diatom plankton; - general forensic chemical analysis. In the latter case, the following standard list of organs and tissues is defined: the stomach with contents tied up in the cardia and turnip; about 0.5 m of small intestine with contents tied at both ends; about 0.5 m of large intestine without contents; one third of the liver with gall bladder, kidney, urine, blood, brain. All removed organs are placed in separate chemically clean jars. Organs should not be doused with water, nor should any preservative solutions be used. Banks are marked and provided with a written direction indicating the address, list of objects, control materials, and purpose of the study. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. After conducting the necessary sectional and additional research, the expert draws up a procedural document - an expert opinion. In the water part, the reasons for ordering the examination, information about the expert, passport data about the corpse, the time and conditions for examining the corpse, as well as questions posed to the expert are given. The research part must contain information about the methodology and results of all studies conducted, including data from the study of documents, sectional and additional studies necessary to substantiate the expert’s answers. The summary part consists of pathological diagnoses and conclusions. A diagnosis is a brief veterinary medical report on the state of health, compiled in the form of a list of nosological forms in pathogenetic sequence. The actual data necessary to make a pathological diagnosis are obtained as a result of anamnestic, clinical, sectional, and laboratory studies. The diagnostic process consists of two stages: analysis and synthesis. When starting to make a diagnosis, deciding on the cause of death, the expert must operate with specific variants of nosological forms that differ in individuality in morphological terms. The pathological diagnosis is made according to the pathogenetic principle, including: - the main disease (damage), its complication, concomitant, competing pathology. The use of a single pathogenetic principle makes it possible to compare clinical and pathological diagnoses. 123 Questions for self-control 1. What is death? 2. The concept of terminal states. 3. Who can act as an expert? 4. General procedure for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 5. Technique for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 6. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. brain. All removed organs are placed in separate chemically clean jars. Organs should not be doused with water, nor should any preservative solutions be used. Banks are marked and provided with a written direction indicating the address, list of objects, control materials, and purpose of the study. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. After conducting the necessary sectional and additional research, the expert draws up a procedural document - an expert opinion. In the water part, the reasons for ordering the examination, information about the expert, passport data about the corpse, the time and conditions for examining the corpse, as well as questions posed to the expert are given. The research part must contain information about the methodology and results of all studies conducted, including data from the study of documents, sectional and additional studies necessary to substantiate the expert’s answers. The summary part consists of pathological diagnoses and conclusions. A diagnosis is a brief veterinary medical report on the state of health, compiled in the form of a list of nosological forms in pathogenetic sequence. The actual data necessary to make a pathological diagnosis are obtained as a result of anamnestic, clinical, sectional, and laboratory studies. The diagnostic process consists of two stages: analysis and synthesis. When starting to make a diagnosis, deciding on the cause of death, the expert must operate with specific variants of nosological forms that differ in individuality in morphological terms. The pathological diagnosis is made according to the pathogenetic principle, including: - the main disease (damage), its complication, concomitant, competing pathology. The use of a single pathogenetic principle makes it possible to compare clinical and pathological diagnoses. 123 Questions for self-control 1. What is death? 2. The concept of terminal states. 3. Who can act as an expert? 4. General procedure for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 5. Technique for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 6. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. brain. All removed organs are placed in separate chemically clean jars. Organs should not be doused with water, nor should any preservative solutions be used. Banks are marked and provided with a written direction indicating the address, list of objects, control materials, and purpose of the study. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. After conducting the necessary sectional and additional research, the expert draws up a procedural document - an expert opinion. In the water part, the reasons for ordering the examination, information about the expert, passport data about the corpse, the time and conditions for examining the corpse, as well as questions posed to the expert are given. The research part must contain information about the methodology and results of all studies conducted, including data from the study of documents, sectional and additional studies necessary to substantiate the expert’s answers. The summary part consists of pathological diagnoses and conclusions. A diagnosis is a brief veterinary medical report on the state of health, compiled in the form of a list of nosological forms in pathogenetic sequence. The actual data necessary to make a pathological diagnosis are obtained as a result of anamnestic, clinical, sectional, and laboratory studies. The diagnostic process consists of two stages: analysis and synthesis. When starting to make a diagnosis, deciding on the cause of death, the expert must operate with specific variants of nosological forms that differ in individuality in morphological terms. The pathological diagnosis is made according to the pathogenetic principle, including: - the main disease (damage), its complication, concomitant, competing pathology. The use of a single pathogenetic principle makes it possible to compare clinical and pathological diagnoses. 123 Questions for self-control 1. What is death? 2. The concept of terminal states. 3. Who can act as an expert? 4. General procedure for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 5. Technique for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 6. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. including data from the study of documents, sectional and additional studies necessary to substantiate the expert’s answers. The summary part consists of pathological diagnoses and conclusions. A diagnosis is a brief veterinary medical report on the state of health, compiled in the form of a list of nosological forms in pathogenetic sequence. The actual data necessary to make a pathological diagnosis are obtained as a result of anamnestic, clinical, sectional, and laboratory studies. The diagnostic process consists of two stages: analysis and synthesis. When starting to make a diagnosis, deciding on the cause of death, the expert must operate with specific variants of nosological forms that differ in individuality in morphological terms. The pathological diagnosis is made according to the pathogenetic principle, including: - the main disease (damage), its complication, concomitant, competing pathology. The use of a single pathogenetic principle makes it possible to compare clinical and pathological diagnoses. 123 Questions for self-control 1. What is death? 2. The concept of terminal states. 3. Who can act as an expert? 4. General procedure for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 5. Technique for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 6. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse. including data from the study of documents, sectional and additional studies necessary to substantiate the expert’s answers. The summary part consists of pathological diagnoses and conclusions. A diagnosis is a brief veterinary medical report on the state of health, compiled in the form of a list of nosological forms in pathogenetic sequence. The actual data necessary to make a pathological diagnosis are obtained as a result of anamnestic, clinical, sectional, and laboratory studies. The diagnostic process consists of two stages: analysis and synthesis. When starting to make a diagnosis, deciding on the cause of death, the expert must operate with specific variants of nosological forms that differ in individuality in morphological terms. The pathological diagnosis is made according to the pathogenetic principle, including: - the main disease (damage), its complication, concomitant, competing pathology. The use of a single pathogenetic principle makes it possible to compare clinical and pathological diagnoses. 123 Questions for self-control 1. What is death? 2. The concept of terminal states. 3. Who can act as an expert? 4. General procedure for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 5. Technique for forensic veterinary examination of a corpse. 6. Documentation of the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse.