- Smallpox was the first disease people tried to prevent by purposely inoculating themselves with other types of infections. Inoculation is believed to have started in India or China before 200 BC. Physicians in China immunized patients by picking off pieces from drying pustules of a person suffering from a mild case of smallpox, grinding the scales to a powdery substance, and then inserting the powder into the person's nose in order for them to be immunized. In 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montague reported that the Turks have a habit of deliberately inoculating themselves with fluid taken from mild cases of smallpox. Lady Montague inoculated her own children in this manner. In 1796, during the heyday of the smallpox virus in Europe, an English country doctor, Edward Jenner, observed that milkmaids would sometimes become infected with cowpox through their interactions with dairy cows' udders. Cowpox is a mild relative of the deadly smallpox virus. Building on the foundational practice of inoculation, Jenner took infectious fluid from the hand of milkmaid Sarah Nelmes. He inserted this fluid, by scratching or injection, into the arm of a healthy local eight year old boy, James Phipps. Phipps then showed symptoms of cowpox infection. Forty-eight days later, after Phipps had fully recovered from cowpox, Jenner injected some smallpox-infected matter into Phipps, but Phipps did not later show signs of smallpox infection
Timeline of Vaccines - 18th century
- 1796 First vaccine for smallpox, first vaccine for any disease
- 19th century
- 1882 First vaccine for rabies
- 20th century
- 1932 First vaccine for yellow fever
- 1945 First vaccine for influenza
- 1952 First vaccine for polio
- 1954 First vaccine for Japanese encephalitis
- 1957 First vaccine for adenovirus-4 and 7
- 1962 First oral polio vaccine
- 1964 First vaccine for measles
- 1967 First vaccine for mumps
- 1970 First vaccine for rubella
- 1974 First vaccine for chicken pox
- 1977 First vaccine for pneumonia
- 1978 First vaccine for meningitis
- 1981 First vaccine for hepatitis B
- 1992 First vaccine for hepatitis A
- 1998 First vaccine for rotavirus
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