Anti-Viral Vaccines

Vaccines in General Use

• Measles
• Live attenuated virus grown in chick embryo fibroblasts, first introduced in the 1960's. Its extensive use has led to the virtual eradication of measles in the first world. In developed countries, the vaccine is administered to all children in the second year of life (at about 15 months). However, in developing countries, where measles is still widespread, children tend to become infected early (in the first year), which frequently results in severe disease. It is therefore important to administer the vaccine as early as possible (between six months and a year). If the vaccine is administered too early, however, there is a poor take rate due to the interference by maternal antibody. For this reason, when vaccine is administered before the age of one year, a booster dose is recommended at 15 months.

Vaccine Licensed

• Vaccine Licensed

• Measles—United States, 1950-2002

Vaccines in General Use

• Mumps
• Live attenuated virus developed in the 1960's. In first world countries it is administered together with measles and rubella at 15 months in the MMR vaccine.
• The current "Jeryl Lynn" strain of the mumps vaccine was developed by Dr. Maurice Hillman from the mumps virus that infected his 5-year-old daughter (whose name was Jeryl Lynn). This vaccine, combined with rubella or both rubella and measles vaccines (MMR), has been widely used worldwide (300 million doses given) since it was approved by the FDA in 1967.

Mumps—United States, 1968- 2002

• Mumps—United States, 1968- 2002

Vaccines in General Use

• Polio
• Two highly effective vaccines containing all 3 strains of poliovirus are in general use:
• The killed virus vaccine (Salk, 1954) is used mainly in Sweden, Finland, Holland and Iceland.
• The live attenuated oral polio vaccine (Sabin, 1957) has been adopted in most parts of the world; its chief advantages being: low cost, the fact that it induces mucosal immunity and the possibility that, in poorly immunized communities, vaccine strains might replace circulating wild strains and improve herd immunity. Against this is the risk of reversion to virulence (especially of types 2 and 3) and the fact that the vaccine is sensitive to storage under adverse conditions. - Orimune®
• The inactivated Salk vaccine is recommended for children who are immunosuppressed.
• 3 types of live polio virus, magnesium chloride, amino acid, polysorbate 80, purified water, neomycin, sulphate, streptomycin, penicillin and monkey kidney cell cultures.