Applied Speech and Audio Processing: With matlab examples


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Applied Speech and Audio Processing With MATLAB Examples ( PDFDrive )

Basic audio processing
Figure 2.5
Illustration of an original audio recording (upper waveform) being split into equal
length analysis windows, each of which is normalised, and then rejoined (lower waveform). The
rejoined audio exhibits discontinuities between frames which would result in significant audio
distortion.
Figure 2.6
Illustration of an original audio recording (upper waveform) being split into 50%
overlapped analysis frames, each of which are windowed before being summed together to
reconstruct output audio which does not exhibit discontinuities (lower waveform).
Figure 2.6 illustrates some audio being segmented into 50% overlapping frames,
windowed, and then reconstructed.
There are many predefined window types in common use, and with different charac-
teristics (that are adequately explained in most signal processing textbooks). If in doubt,
it’s probably best to use a Hamming window (although it does not tail off quite to zero


2.4. Segmentation
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Table 2.1. Common window functions.
Plot (amplitude vs. index 0 to 200)
Name & formula
Flat-topped
1
Triangular
nT , mirrored
Hamming
0.54
− 0.46 cos(2πnT)
Blackman
0.42
− 0.5 cos(2πnT)
+0.08 cos(4πnT)
Hann
0.5
{1 − cos(2πnT)}
Figure 2.7
Illustration of overlap analysis employing a custom window shape.
at either end). Several examples of the more common window functions are given in
Table 2.1.
Many other windows are available, and any reader that gets bored is encouraged to
invent his own. In addition, the existing windows can be skewed one way or another
within an analysis frame, or split into two and a flat-topped section inserted, which is
especially useful when using 25% overlap. See Figure 2.7 for an example.
2.4.3
Continuous filtering
In Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2 we discussed how to segment-window-overlap speech in
order to ‘smooth out’ transitions between different processing domains.


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