Applied Speech and Audio Processing: With matlab examples
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Applied Speech and Audio Processing With MATLAB Examples ( PDFDrive )
Speech communications
height should be small. However a small step means that more steps are needed to reach up to larger waveform peaks. In Figure 5.2 when rising up to the first peak, and drop- ping down after it, there is a large gap between the waveform we desire to quantise and the actual step values – this is because ‘delta mod’ can only increase a single step at a time, but the gradient of the waveform has exceeded this. Such a limit on the gradient is termed the slew rate or sometimes slope overload. The output bitstream, representing the waveform in the delta modulation format, is shown below the waveform. In order to support a higher slew rate without increasing the stepsize, it is necessary to sample more quickly. This is a trade-off between bits per second used in the repre- sentation and the quantisation noise introduced by it. 5.1.3 Adaptive delta modulation In an attempt to maintain the beneficial features (and simplicity) of delta modulation, but to overcome the slew rate limitations, designers came up with several methods to vary the step height based on the past history of the audio. These are adapting the quantisation level so it can be small when dealing with slowly changing waveforms, but coarse when dealing with rapid waveform changes. The technique is also known by the mouthful continuously variable slope delta modulation, abbreviated CVSDM or CSVD, and used as a speech compression method in some older radio systems. In the most basic form, such a system relies upon some rules to change stepsize, such as the following artificial example: ‘If the past n values were the same then double the step height, otherwise halve it.’ There would, of course, be upper and lower limits to the step height changes. In reality, some systems would themselves gradually adapt their stepsize rules over time. Often step heights gradually increased, and gradually decreased (rather than the system mentioned which doubles it or halves it each time, considered a fairly large change). The technique is illustrated in Figure 5.3, for n = 3, and thus the step height can be seen to change following three successive moves in the same direction. Several step height reductions are similarly illustrated. The bitstream resulting from this process, which is a quantised representation of the original waveform, is shown across the bottom of the plot. 5.1.4 ADPCM Adaptive differential pulse coded modulation (ADPCM) is a method of applying the adaptive delta modulation technique to PCM samples (instead of to a delta-modulated bitstream). The word ‘differential’ indicates that the system calculates a difference at each sample instant, and ‘adaptive’ indicates that stepsizes change based on past history. Similar to delta modulation, there is an accumulator that starts at zero. At the first sample instant a difference is calculated between the accumulator and the waveform being coded. This difference is quantised and then added to the accumulator. The next waveform sample value is then compared to the new accumulator value, and a difference |
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