2.7. Sound generation
33
Infobox 2.5 Musical notes
The pitch of a musical instrument note is primarily determined by its fundamental frequency of
oscillation as perceived by a human. There may in actuality be many different frequencies present
in that sound, generally harmonically related, and which through their various proportions affect
the timbre of the note.
Many musical scales exist to define note frequencies, but the Western scale currently dominates,
tied to a frequency reference where A
4
(the A above middle-C) is set to 440 Hz. Defined by the
International Standards Organisation, this is often called concert pitch. Any reader who has played
an instrument in an orchestra would know the importance of all instruments playing in tune. Before
the 1940s, however, lack of standardisation meant that A
4
could vary widely between orchestras
and countries, and many composers insisted on setting their own (incompatible) standards. Both
Germany and the United Kingdom created early standards, but it was the British Broadcasting
Corporation (BBC) who chose a 440 Hz standard based on the very high precision oscillation of
a piezoelectric crystal acted upon by dividers and multipliers. The earlier 439 Hz standard, being
a prime number, could not be generated using such methods.
Interested readers should note that the Western scale, chosen like others to match human per-
ception of pitch differences, defines that the frequency relationship of one semitone is the twelfth
root of two. Therefore if A
4
is 440 Hz, A
4
should be:
440*2ˆ(1/12)
and since an octave consists of 12 semitones, A
5
would be:
440*(2ˆ(1/12))ˆ12=440*2=880
In this way, by knowing the semitone relationship between musical notes, we can determine the
frequency of any note on the musical scale.
34
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |