Applied Speech and Audio Processing: With matlab examples
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Applied Speech and Audio Processing With MATLAB Examples ( PDFDrive )
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- 3.4. Summary
Speech
Figure 3.6 Effect of spoken vocabulary size on the intelligibility of speech. Vocabulary size can similarly be explored as shown next in Figure 3.6, where listeners are given the number of choices as indicated in the graph (i.e. the vocabulary size), for identification of spoken words. This illustrates the large improvement in recognition when vocabulary size is constrained whether artificially, or by context. For example, reducing vocabulary size from 256 to 16 at −9 dB signal-to-noise level, results in almost four times as many words being recognised. It should be noted that the articulation index shown is a measure of the recognition rate of individual phonemes, and not words themselves [10]. The figure was plotted from curve-fitting to tabular data presented in [11], derived from original experimental results in [21]. 3.4 Summary In this chapter we have studied the physical fundamentals of the speech signal – its amplitude, frequency distribution, tempo, and so on. We then considered the units of speech themselves: phonemes, words and sentences, and how these convey information. We have looked at vocabulary effects and understanding, and touched on the major topics of quality and intelligibility and the testing of each of these. We will now leave the subject of speech for a while. In Chapter 4 we move on to the ear and human hearing. Chapter 5 will then tie the hearing topic back into the 3.4. Summary 55 characteristics of speech to develop the subject of perceived speech within communica- tions systems. 56 Speech Bibliography • The Noise Handbook Ed. W. Tempest (Academic Press, 1985) • Digital Processing of Speech Signals L. R. Rabiner and R. W. Schafer (Prentice-Hall, 1978) • Computer Speech Processing F. Fallside and W. Woods (Prentice-Hall, 1985) • Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics K. Johnson (Blackwell Publishing, 2003) • The Handbook of Hearing and the Effects of Noise K. Kryter (Academic Press, 1994) • The Physics of Speech D. B. Fry (Cambridge University Press, 1979) • Speech Intelligibility and Speaker Recognition Ed. M. E. Hawley (Halsted Press/Dowden Hutchinson and Ross, 1977) |
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