Applied Speech and Audio Processing: With matlab examples
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Applied Speech and Audio Processing With MATLAB Examples ( PDFDrive )
Hearing
Figure 4.1 Schematic and stylised cutaway diagram of the human ear, with cochlea unrolled and straightened to more clearly highlight its gently tapering shape. Small electrical impulses are generated by the hair cells when tension is applied to them (usually when they are pulled, so that auditory response occurs during the rar- efaction part of an oscillation in the fluid surrounding them). The width and stiffness of the basilar membrane tapers along its length, and thus when a vibration is applied to the system, the location on the basilar membrane which resonates is dependent upon frequency [3]. This process provides some frequency selectivity to the ear, with active processing by the auditory cortex providing the rest. In fact the auditory cortex process- ing substantially improves frequency selectivity. Nerves carry electrical impulses from the ear into the brain where extensive unconscious processing occurs [4]. The nature of the processing is not fully understood; however it is highly nonlinear, involves correla- tion between signals from each ear, and possibly with other senses (such as the feel of vibrations, and sight). The ear may be assumed to integrate over short times and also process more grossly repetitive patterns in different ways [4]. Active mechanisms also operate in the ear, which include tensioning the muscles operating on the malleus and stapes, to protect the ear from loud sounds, reducing the firing rate of certain hair cells and reportedly even producing sounds on occasions [4,5]. Further evidence for this is that audio acuity is reduced by illness or the taking of certain drugs, and earache can be caused by the failure of the inner ear muscles to protect the eardrum [6]. 4.2 Psychoacoustics An abbreviated concatenation of ‘the psychology of acoustics’, psychoacoustics des- cribes the discrepancy between a purely physical view of hearing, and a subjective view. It is beyond the scope of this book to delve into too much detail concerning the psychological reasons behind this (and indeed it is likely that many of those reasons have not yet been scientifically identified). However extensive experiments have been |
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