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II. BUILDING A PROGRAM TO HELP FUTURE
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6404f97bd5c2c-teacher-education-in-physics
II. BUILDING A PROGRAM TO HELP FUTURE
TEACHERS LEARN WHAT THEY NEED A. Cognitive apprenticeship and PCK Cognitive apprenticeship is in many ways similar to tra- ditional apprenticeships used in preparation of artists, musi- cians, tailors, etc. At first, the apprentices observe the expert as he or she models desired practices. Then the apprentices attempt the practice and the expert provides feedback 共on past performance 兲, coaching 共advice and examples for future performance 兲 and scaffolding 共support during performance兲. The expert slowly removes scaffolding and finally provides apprentices with opportunities for independent practice. However, cognitive apprenticeship differs from regular ap- prenticeships because some of the processes and skills used by the expert are mental and thus cannot be observed di- rectly. Thus it is necessary to make the process explicit and “visible” for the apprentices 关 39 兴. A similar approach is used in science research groups while training graduate students to become scientists. It is not enough for the students to simply observe other scientists doing their work; they need to understand the invisible think- ing processes behind the scenes. At the same time, they need constant feedback when they start engaging in the practice themselves. And since the practice is very complex, multiple exposures in different contexts are necessary for a graduate student to become a scientist. The same is true for a teacher. The craft is complex and invisible, often subconscious for the teacher herself. Thus to learn to be a high-quality teacher, the person needs multiple exposures in different contexts and the explicit effort of an expert teacher to make her thinking and her basis for decision-making in the classroom visible to the novices. In addition, preservice teachers need to have opportunities to practice the skills of listening to the stu- dents, changing their plans depending on what students say, responding to specific student comments, planning what questions to ask, etc., first in “sheltered environments” and then gradually moving to independent teaching. Table II summarizes the opportunities a preservice physics teacher preparation program needs to provide for its students so they acquire PCK through cognitive apprenticeship. Download 231.88 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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