Article in Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society a mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · January 004 doi: 10. 1098/rsta. 2003
Download 377.19 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Phil.Trans.
† 1 ps = 10
−12 s (equivalent to about 1 minute in 1.9 million years!); 1 fs = 10 −15 s (equivalent to about 8 minutes in 15 billion years!) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) Parametric light generation 03TA2008/15 pulse (ca. 100 fs to 100 ps). In an OPO, this implies that amplification of paramet- ric waves must be obtained over a correspondingly short time-scale for the device to reach threshold. For this to happen, the generated waves must make a sufficient number of cavity round-trips over the duration of a pump pulse, and this in turn dictates OPO cavity lengths of a fraction of a millimetre, which is not possible in practice. ‡ Hence, ultrafast OPOs employ synchronous pumping techniques, where amplification of the generated waves is achieved through interaction of a generated parametric pulse with successive pulses in the pump train rather than over an indi- vidual pump pulse, as in nanosecond OPOs. The instantaneous nonlinearity also means that the parametric process will pro- vide a temporal output that is determined principally by the temporal characteristics of the pump. Hence, OPO operation can be achieved across all time-scales, from con- tinuous wave (CW) to femtosecond, by suitable choice of pump laser. Such flexibility is not available to lasers, where the temporal properties of the output are depen- dent fundamentally on the properties of the laser gain material. (In the laser, the minimum attainable pulse duration is inversely related to the gain bandwidth of the material. For the generation of ultrashort pulses, laser materials with large tuning bandwidths are necessary. This sets the fundamental limit to how short an optical pulse can be generated by a given laser system.) Advances in ultrafast synchronously pumped OPOs (SPPOs) have been greatly aided by the availability of viable mode- locked lasers. In the picosecond regime, the majority of SPPOs have been pumped by Nd:YAG laser or its variations. With advances in pump-laser technology, opera- tion of picosecond SPPOs has now been extended to Kerr-lens mode-locked (KLM) Ti:sapphire and Nd pump lasers in all-solid-state configurations, as well as to compact diode-pumped microchip lasers. These devices can provide extensive wavelength cov- erage from ca. 400 nm to more than 6 µ m in the mid-infrared (Ebrahimzadeh 2003). Average powers from a few milliwatts to more than 20 W over a range of pulse dura- tions from ca. 1 to 50 ps at repetition rates from ca. 75 MHz to more than 10 GHz are now available from these devices. At the same time, an important recent landmark in OPO technology has been the advent of femtosecond SPPOs. This has made available a new class of ultrafast sources with unique spectral and temporal versatility, operational flexibility, and minimal material requirements. Because of a lack of practical femtosecond lasers, the early operation of a femtosecond SPPO was achieved with a dye laser (Edelstein et al . 1989) in an intra-cavity arrangement. This was soon replaced by the much simpler external pumping configurations through the development of the KLM Ti:sapphire laser, which has since been established as the primary pump source for such SPPOs. The early operation of femtosecond SPPOs based on the Ti:sapphire laser was achieved in KTP, providing access to spectral regions in the near-infrared. Subse- quently, by using the arsenate isomorphs of KTP, namely KTA (KTiOAsO 4 ), RTA (RbTiOAsO 4 ) and CTA (CsTiOAsO 4 ) as well as KNbO 3 , operation of femtosecond ‡ Light travels ca. 30 cm in 1 ns. Therefore, a 100 ps pulse extends ca. 3 cm in space, whereas a 100 fs pulse has a spatial extent of only 30 µm. To achieve OPO operation, one needs to obtain at least 50– 100 round-trips of the OPO cavity. For a 100 ps pulse, this implies a mirror separation of 300–150 µm, and, for a 100 fs pulse, a mirror separation of 0.3–0.15 µm. This is clearly unattainable in practice and besides precludes the use of practical lengths of nonlinear material. In nanosecond OPOs, however, it is possible to have tens of round-trips for practical cavity lengths of a few centimetres and this is indeed the basic operating principle of nanosecond OPOs. Download 377.19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling