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Participant markers relating to addressees; presence of others


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QuotationMarkersasIntertextualCodesinElectoralPropaganda


Participant markers relating to addressees; presence of others.

Background markers indicating the wide contexts (‘‘when the students

went out to demonstrate, demanding fair tuition fees . . . ’’).

4.4.


Frequency of quotation markers

Table 1 provides the frequency of quotation markers.

Table 1 shows that the most frequent markers are source references (in

81% of the quotations). Source qualifiers appear in just a small number of

quotations (11%) where, however, their frequency is relatively high (nine

markers in five quotations). Circumstance markers, especially temporal

and to a lesser degree locative and background, are also relatively fre-

quent (43%, 17%, and 15%, respectively). In contrast, most quotations

lack speech markers altogether, whereas some have several. This means

that the production of quotations is either linguistically unmarked or

emphasized.

It should be noted that, in a televised campaign, linguistic marking of

quotations is not always necessary; most quotations may be represented

as originally produced by merely showing a video, playing a recording,

or, in case of a written source (a newspaper), showing a photograph on

the screen. Therefore, the mere presence of linguistic marking is fre-

quently considered a means of highlighting.

Table 1.


Frequency of quotation markers

Type of


markers

No. of


markers

No. of quotations

including markers

Percentage of

quotations including

markers


1

ðn ¼ 47Þ


Source

References

61

38

81%



Qualifiers

9

5



11%

Total


70

38

81%



Speech

Lexical


17

12

26%



Graphical

18

9



19%

Total


35

14

30%



Circumstance

Temporal


22

20

43%



Locative

18

8



17%

Background

8

7

15%



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