Participant markers relating to addressees; presence of others.
Background markers indicating the wide contexts (‘‘when the students
went out to demonstrate, demanding fair tuition fees . . . ’’).
4.4.
Frequency of quotation markers
Table 1 provides the frequency of quotation markers.
Table 1 shows that the most frequent markers are source references (in
81% of the quotations). Source qualifiers appear in just a small number of
quotations (11%) where, however, their frequency is relatively high (nine
markers in five quotations). Circumstance markers, especially temporal
and to a lesser degree locative and background, are also relatively fre-
quent (43%, 17%, and 15%, respectively). In contrast, most quotations
lack speech markers altogether, whereas some have several. This means
that the production of quotations is either linguistically unmarked or
emphasized.
It should be noted that, in a televised campaign, linguistic marking of
quotations is not always necessary; most quotations may be represented
as originally produced by merely showing a video, playing a recording,
or, in case of a written source (a newspaper), showing a photograph on
the screen. Therefore, the mere presence of linguistic marking is fre-
quently considered a means of highlighting.
Table 1.
Frequency of quotation markers
Type of
markers
No. of
markers
No. of quotations
including markers
Percentage of
quotations including
markers
1
ðn ¼ 47Þ
Source
References
61
38
81%
Qualifiers
9
5
11%
Total
70
38
81%
Speech
Lexical
17
12
26%
Graphical
18
9
19%
Total
35
14
30%
Circumstance
Temporal
22
20
43%
Locative
18
8
17%
Background
8
7
15%
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