Article in Text and Talk · July 009 doi: 10. 1515/text. 2009. 024 Citations 11 reads 38 author: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects
party ideology and are used to maintain the claim that Barak is com-
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QuotationMarkersasIntertextualCodesinElectoralPropaganda
party ideology and are used to maintain the claim that Barak is com- mitted to the unity of Jerusalem. However, it will be demonstrated that, argumentatively, Olmert’s words have a higher refutation value vis-a`-vis Netanyahu’s accusations. Both quotes support the ideology of the addressing party and are pre- sented as an integral part of its contemporary text: there are no speech markers that would indicate an intertextual shift, nor circumstance markers that would indicate the distinction between pre-text and text. This gives the impression that the quotations and the announcer’s words are all one text. Di¤erent means are used to integrate Barak’s and Olmert’s quotations: by dividing each of the quotations into two parts and presenting them al- ternately (Olmert–Barak–Olmert–Barak), the e¤ect is achieved of inte- gration, in both content and ideology. On a syntactic and grammatical level, the quotes appear to be one unit: the second half of Olmert’s quota- tion begins with the word ‘‘and,’’ which originally connected both parts of his sentence. However, in this segment one might believe that Olmert is continuing the thought expressed previously by Barak. This impression of textual unity between the two quotations is supported by extralinguis- tic means too: background music continues from the beginning of Olmert’s words until the end of Barak’s; Olmert’s words are accompanied by clips of Barak or views of East Jerusalem. On this background, imme- diately following Olmert’s talk, Barak is seen giving a speech. As noted (Section 3), Barak is the Israel Achat candidate for the post of prime minister. His quotations in most of its texts are accompanied by a repetition of his full name. We may surmise that the absence of his name in this particular segment possibly serves to enhance the semblance of in- tegration between his text and Olmert’s. However, Barak is presented in an emotionally positive light by exhibiting him with a view of Jerusalem in the background and by playing cheering and clapping sounds as he speaks. From the viewpoint of the addressing party, promoting Olmert is somewhat problematic: his words contribute much toward refuting Netan- yahu’s repetitive claim that Barak will divide Jerusalem; they therefore obviously belong to the text of the ‘‘we’’ group. However, he is a member of the opposing Likud party headed by Netanyahu, and so, in principle, belongs to ‘‘they.’’ The marker ‘‘Ehud Olmert, Mayor of Jerusalem’’ written in black is the solution to this contradiction: in the written elec- toral discourse a politician’s full name in blue is used to create positive emotionality, while the surname alone in red promotes negative emotion- ality; whenever members of the opposing group produce supportive quo- tations, as in the present case, the quotation source is marked by the full Quotation markers as intertextual codes 473
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name written in black. In this way, moderate positive emotionality is achieved. Both the qualifiers ‘‘Likud ’’ and ‘‘mayor of Jerusalem’’ increase the argumentative force of the quote. The marker ‘‘mayor of Jerusalem’’ val- idates Olmert as a knowledgeable authority on all city matters, thereby reinforcing the argumentative status of the quotation (Volman 1990: 60; Perelman 1983: 79; Copi 1977: 87). The marker ‘‘Likud ’’ clears Olmert from any suspicion that his support of Barak stems from nonobjective considerations. Probably in order to avoid damage to the necessary posi- tive emotionality of Likud in this co-text, the government, in which the Likud is a central member, is called ‘‘the Netanyahu Government’’ and not ‘‘the Likud Government.’’ Thus, the negative emotionality of ‘‘stuck’’ (‘‘The Netanyahu government is stuck’’) adheres only to Netanyahu. While the captions relating to Olmert are black (neutral), Netanyahu’s captions are red (negative emotionality). Distinguishing between them on an emotional and ideological level although they are members of the same party helps Israel Achat to show a connection between Olmert and Barak, and to present their quotations as belonging to the same ideologi- cal text, opposed to Netanyahu’s. In summary, the markers used to denote Olmert as well as the lack of markers for Barak serve to connect between these politicians and their views: while Israel Achat ascribes Olmert to the ‘‘they’’ group, it does not damage his positive image and even acknowledges his public status in order to strengthen the argumentative status of his words. In addition, it espouses his text and merges it with that of Barak as an ideological statement regarding Barak’s commitment to a unified Jerusalem. 7.2. Text B
The text in Table 3, broadcast on 1 and 2 May 1999, also belongs to the Israel Achat campaign. The text criticizes Netanyahu, then prime minister on behalf of the Likud Party. According to this text Netanyahu deceived the lower class population by giving needy children 60,000 new computers on camera, but taking them back once the cameras were turned o¤. This section is one of a se- ries of attempts by Israel Achat to present Netanyahu as a media magi- cian whose statements and promises do not hold water. Three propositions are quoted in the text. The first, according to which Netanyahu brought computers for children in Kiryat Malachi, was first transmitted as indirect speech by the announcer (‘‘he’d brought them computers’’) and, later on, by Netanyahu himself, photographed as he 474 Pnina Shukrun-Nagar Brought to you by | Ben Gurion University of the Negev Authenticated | 132.72.130.12 Download Date | 3/12/14 1:30 PM
Table 3. Text B
Speaker Spoken text Written text Vocal means Visual means Announcer Last week, Netanyahu told the parents and children in Kiryat Malachi, 1 that he’d brought them computers Intonation of an anecdote Within a frame: a photograph of Netanyahu making a speech. Netanyahu Another sixty thousand computers that’s, a revolution! (videotaped) Within a frame: Netanyahu making a speech. Announcer He was photographed with them and was even moved Intonation of an anecdote Netanyahu and his wife standing beside an Ethiopian immigrant child as he operates a computer. 2 Netanyahu I tell you, every time we come, Sara
3 and I stand there, ah . . . ah . . . tears in our eyes! (videotaped) Within a frame: Netanyahu making a speech. Announcer But the Ma’ariv newspaper 4 reveals
the truth: The computers were brought for the camera shoot and were removed directly after the event. The computers were placed in the Education Center for Netanyahu’s visit and removed after the event. (in cutting) Ma’ariv 29.4.99 Has your child received a computer from the Netanyahu government? Has your child received a computer? A photograph of Netanyahu Can one believe anything Netanyahu says? Can one believe Netanyahu? Do you want four more years? Want 4 more years? 1 The town of Kiryat Malachi visited by Netanyahu is identified with economic distress. 2 The Ethiopian immigrants are identified with social-educational disadvantage. 3 Sara is Benjamin Netanyahu’s wife. The couple often complains about their negative image in the Israeli media. 4 Ma’ariv is one of the three largest daily newspapers in Israel. Quot ation
mark ers
as inter
textual co des 475 Brought to you by | Ben Gurion University of the Negev Authenticated | 132.72.130.12 Download Date | 3/12/14 1:30 PM spoke (‘‘Another sixty thousand computers, that’s a revolution!’’). The second proposition, predominantly the emotional response of Netanyahu and his wife when giving the computers, was transmitted once by Netan- yahu himself (‘‘I tell you, every time we come, Sara and I stand there, ah . . . ah . . . tears in our eyes!’’). The third proposition is quoted from the Ma’ariv newspaper and transmitted in direct speech by the announcer (‘‘The computers were brought for the camera shoot and were removed directly after the event’’) and by simultaneous presentation of the quoted newspaper cutting on screen (‘‘The computers were placed in the Educa- tion Center for Netanyahu’s visit and removed after the event’’). We will see below that damage to Netanyahu’s public image was caused not only by the quotation’s content, but by all quotation markers included in the text. As the Likud candidate for the post of prime minister, Netanyahu is the major opponent of Israel Achat, which thus has an obvious interest to dis- tance itself from him and from any of his ostensibly negative quotes. Ma’ariv newspaper, on the other hand, has no part in the political strug- gle, and the quote from it actually strengthens Israel Achat’s claim. Therefore, the party is expected to embrace both the source and the quo- tation. However, as explained earlier (Section 6.2), the argumentative strength of quotes from newspapers derives from their neutral image, and it is in the party’s best interest to maintain this image. Netanyahu is marked by surname only, a marker that potentially may show minimal respect for the speaker. This is similar to all other oppo- nents whose quotations are hostile, and di¤erent from those whose quota- tions are supportive (i.e., Olmert in the previous discussion). In compari- son, Ma’ariv is mentioned twice and is even supported by the title ‘‘newspaper,’’ though all Israelis know it well. By this the party signifies the importance awarded to its character and establishes its important argumentative status. As explained (Section 6.3), the partition between text and pre-text is most significant when the sources are opponents and their quotations are hostile. Israel Achat uses the lexical marker ‘‘told’’ to refute Netanyahu’s words. The past tense of the verb distances the quotation from the quot- ing text with respect to time. Moreover, the Hebrew original verb siper, translated here as ‘‘told,’’ is far more emotive: it specifically denotes ‘‘tell- ing stories’’ (including lying), thus implying that the content of the quota- tion could well be fictitious (Nir and Roeh 1987: 26). This impression is reinforced by the fairytale-like intonation used by the announcer to pres- ent Netanyahu’s quotations. Naturally, this contributes to the construc- tion of negative emotionality not only of the quotation but also of Netanyahu himself. 476 Pnina Shukrun-Nagar Brought to you by | Ben Gurion University of the Negev Authenticated | 132.72.130.12 Download Date | 3/12/14 1:30 PM
As mentioned above, the quotation from Ma’ariv was intended to re- fute Netanyahu’s quotations. Israel Achat uses the participle ‘‘reveals’’ to establish the credibility of Ma’ariv. This marker implies that the content of the quotation is true and secret (Weizman 1982: 134). 1 The noun
‘‘truth’’ (‘‘reveals the truth’’) naturally reinforces the credibility of the newspaper and its quotation. The positive emotive connotation and the present time of the markers create the impression of minimal partition be- tween pre-text and text. As explained (Section 6.2), recording the name of the newspaper together with the publication date (‘‘29.4.99’’) is likely to be perceived in Israel as a full obligation to the credibility of the quotation, and therefore is used whenever the quotations are corroborative. Here this factor is ex- tremely important in establishing the claims against Netanyahu. Natu- rally, a photograph of the quoted cuttings on the screen is also a contri- buting factor. While Israel Achat uses only a date when referring to the quote from the newspaper, it uses various circumstance markers when referring to Netanyahu’s quote: temporal (‘‘last week’’), locative (‘‘in Kiryat Mala- chi’’), addressees (‘‘parents and children’’), and background (‘‘he was photographed with them, and was even moved’’). All these are character- ized by low levels of accuracy, and could have been presented more spe- cifically. However, this quality actually enables the party to present the content of these quotes as fabricated, as it correlates to what is considered acceptable in the narrative genre. In other words, the markers of Netan- yahu’s quotes emphasize the otherness of the pre-texts as compared to the texts and serve as a partition between them. This is accentuated by extralinguistic means too: when Netanyahu speaks, his photograph does not fill the screen. Rather, it appears inside a frame—a story within a story, an extraneous character within the text of the addressing party. In summary, an analysis of the text clearly shows that Israel Achat uti- lizes di¤erent markers to mark the two sources and their quotes. The markers used in relation to the opponent Netanyahu and his hostile quo- tations reflect the distance and the disagreement of the addressing party with them. In contrast, markers relating to Ma’ariv and its quotation are used to establish a neutral image of the newspaper and therefore to en- hance the argumentative strength of the quotation. 8. Conclusion This research has revealed that in the broadcasts of the Israeli electoral campaign, quotation markers not only indicate a pre-text but also fulfill Quotation markers as intertextual codes 477
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an important rhetorical role—a covert coding of the party’s position vis- a`-vis the sources and the quotations: source markers serve to a‰liate the source with the ‘‘we’’ group, to exclude it, or to establish it as neutral; speech and circumstance markers serve to a‰liate the quotation with the ideological text of the addressing party, to exclude it, or to mark it as neutral. Markers of all types are also used to increase the credibility of quotations in corroborative status. I perceive the double functioning of quotations markers, on a linguistic level as well as on a semiotic level, as evidence for intertextuality in elec- toral discourse. Naturally, the ideological and argumentative meanings are inherent in the semantic components and the emotive connotations of the markers. However, it was found that these meanings are also en- coded in other discursive means, including the mere presence of linguistic marking, the frequency of the markers, their length (full names versus surnames), their grammatical forms (past tense verbs versus participles), their insertion in recurring intertextual patterns, and their textual links. As argued, the qualitative and quantitative findings presented here shed light on covert means of persuasion in the Israeli rhetorical discourse, and further support Kristeva’s (1984 [1974]) view that intertextuality serves to encode semiotic meanings in linguistic signs. Notes *
course on Israeli TV: Linguistic Features and Rhetorical Functions’’ (Shukrun-Nagar 2003). I am grateful to my two advisors, Prof. Elda Weizman from Bar Ilan University and Dr. Roni Henkin from Ben-Gurion University, for their substantial contribution to the research and to this article. I am also grateful to Prof. Yishai Tobin for reading this article and o¤ering his comments and to Tzipi Parnassa from the Ben Gurion University computational center for implementing the sample of the corpus. 1. According to Grice’s (1975) concept, this constitutes a conventional implicature. References Allen, G. 2000. Intertextuality. London & New York: Routledge. Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. In M. Holquist (ed.), C. Emerson & M. Holquist (trans.), The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M. M. Bakhtin. Austin: University of Texas Press. Bakhtin, M. M. 1986. In C. Emerson & M. Holquist (eds.), V. W. McGee (trans.), Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press. Copi, I. M. 1977. In M. Dascal (ed.), H. Rotem (trans.), Introduction to logic. Tel-Aviv: Yakhdav (Hebrew). Fleischman, S. 1990. Tense and narrativity. Texas: University of Texas Press. Frow, J. 1990. Intertextuality and ontology. In J. Still & M. Worton (eds.), Intertextuality: Theories and practices, 45–55. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press. 478
Pnina Shukrun-Nagar Brought to you by | Ben Gurion University of the Negev Authenticated | 132.72.130.12 Download Date | 3/12/14 1:30 PM Genette, G. 1997. In C. Newman & C. Doubinsky (trans.), Palimpsests: Literature in the sec- ond degree. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press. Grice, P. H. 1975. Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts, 41–58. New York: Academic Press. Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Hatim, B. & I. Mason. 1990. Discourse and the translator. London & New York: Longman. Kirtchuk, P. I. 2000. Iconicity and some of its manifestations in Hebrew. In Y. Tobin (ed.), Societatis Linguisticae Europaeae Sodalicium Israe¨lense: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meetings, 13–26. Beer Sheva: Ben Gurion University Press (Hebrew). Kristeva, J. 1980. In L. S. Roudiez (ed.), T. Gora, A. Jardine & L. S. Roudiez (trans.), Desire in language: A semiotic approach to literature and art. New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press. Kristeva, J. 1984 [1974]. In L. S. Roudiez (ed.), M. Waller (trans.), Revolution in poetic lan- guage. New York: Columbia University Press. Kristeva, J. 1986. Word, dialogue and novel. In T. Moi (ed.), M. Waller (trans.), The Kristeva reader, 34–61. New York: Columbia University Press. Nir, R. & I. Roeh. 1987. Verbs of saying in the radio news. Hebrew Linguistics (a Journal for Hebrew Descriptive. Computational and Applied Linguistics) 25. 19–29 (Hebrew). Nir, R. & I. Roeh. 1992. Speech presentation of news in the Israeli press. In U. Ornan, G. Toury & R. Ben-Shahar (eds.), Hebrew: A living language (Studies on the Language in Social and Cultural Contexts), 188–210 (Hebrew). Payne, M. 1993. Reading theory: An introduction to Lacan, Derrida and Kristeva. Oxford & Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Perelman, C. 1983. In J. Ur (trans.), The realm of rhetoric. Jerusalem: Magness (The Hebrew University Press) (Hebrew). Pfister, M. 1991. How postmodern is intertextuality? In H. F. Plett (ed.), Intertextuality, 207–224. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Ri¤aterre, M. 1984. Intertextual representation: On mimesis as interpretive discourse. Criti- cal Inquiry 11(1). 141–162. Roudiez, L. S. 1980. Introduction. In J. Kristeva (author), L. S. Roudiez (ed.), T. Gora, A. Jardine & L. S. Roudiez (trans.), Desire in language: A semiotic approach to literature and art. New York: Columbia University Press. Sakita, T. I. 2002. Reporting discourse, tense, and cognition. Amsterdam & Boston: Elsevier. Sa¨ring, D. 1998. Audiovisual rhetoric, propaganda and culture: Studying the electoral pro- paganda in the Israeli television, 1996. Israel: Bar-Ilan University Ph.D. dissertation (Hebrew). Shukrun, P. 1998. Election discourse on Israeli TV (May 1996): Building emotive connota- tions through the use of textual links. Israel: Ben Gurion University MA thesis (Hebrew). Shukrun-Nagar, P. 2001. Building emotive connotations through the use of textual links in the election discourse. Hebrew Linguistics 49. 57–70 (Hebrew). Shukrun-Nagar, P. 2003. Intertextuality in the election discourse on Israeli TV: Linguistic features and rhetorical functions. Israel: Ben Gurion University Ph.D. dissertation, (Hebrew). Tobin, Y. 1988. Modern Hebrew tense: A study of objective temporal and subjective spatial and perceptual relations. In H. Vater & V. Ehrich (eds.), Temporalsemantik: Beitra¨ge zur Linguistik der Zeitreferenz [Temporal semantics: Studies in the linguistics of time] (Lin- guistische Arbeiten Series 201), 52–81. Tu¨bingen: Niemeyer. Tobin, Y. 1989. Space, time and point-of-view in the Modern Hebrew verb. In Y. Tobin (ed.), From sign to text: A semiotic view of communication, 61–89. Amsterdam & Philadel- phia: John Benjamins. Quotation markers as intertextual codes 479
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Toulmin, S. E. 1958. The uses of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Volman, M. 1990. Demagogy and rhetoric. Tel-Aviv: Papirus (Tel-Aviv University Press) (Hebrew). Weizman, E. 1982. Information processing in the language of newspapers by ‘‘normal’’ readers and translators. In S. Blum-Kulka, Y. Tobin & R. Nir (eds.), Studies in discourse analysis, 117–143. Jerusalem: Academon (Hebrew). Weizman, E. 1998. True or false? Direct speech in the daily press, Hebrew Linguistics (a Journal for Hebrew Descriptive, Computational and Applied Linguistics) 43. 29–42 (Hebrew). Dr. Pnina Shukrun-Nagar received her Ph.D. summa cum laude in 2003 from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel, where she is now a lecturer in the Department of Hebrew Language. Her primary fields of research are semantics and pragmatics, focusing on conno- tations and the interpretation of implied meanings. She currently explores argumentative dis- course, especially political texts (electoral campaigns and speeches) and mass media texts (articles in the press). Address for correspondence: Department of Hebrew Language, Ben- Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel 3pshukrun@bgu.ac.il4. 480 Pnina Shukrun-Nagar Brought to you by | Ben Gurion University of the Negev Authenticated | 132.72.130.12 Download Date | 3/12/14 1:30 PM View publication stats View publication stats Download 194.9 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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