Authors: Hashim Orta Adaw
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coll. - Gaahmg Consonant & Vowel Book-Sudan Workshop Programme (2015)
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kassssa
boy
kahssss chair
sssseen
ruler aassssa
basket massss spear, war M m
M m M m
M m m m m malo
beeswax lam
m m many knot aam
m m m bone
m m m maang disagreement gahm m
mur dove
nyaahm m m m chin
N n N n
N n N n
nnnnahrnah saliva
gahbahnnnnid area name seennnn ruler
1 Word-initial /p/, /t/, /th/, /c/, /k/, as well as intervocalic and word-final /b/, /d/, /dh/, /j/, /g/ are underlyingly doubled (geminate) plosives. Word-initial /b/, /d/, /dh/, /j/, /g/, as well as intervocalic /w/, /d/, /dh/, /y/, Ø (elided /g/) and word-final /o, u/, /d/, /dh/, /e, i/, Ø (elided /g/) can be analyzed as single plosives. Therefore, there is no underlying voice contrast for plosives, but only a length constrast.
- 9 -
nnnnaand day
dinnnni life, world fidinnnn perfume
Ny ny Ny ny
Ny ny Ny ny ny ny ny
crocodile kany
ny ny nyaad bowl luny
ny ny ny boomerang
ny ny ny nyaafar mustache mahny ny
nyil rainbow, spirit weleny ny
ny sour taste Ng Ng
Ng Ng ng
ng ng ng ng ng ng ngaangaad thigh ang
ng ng nge elephant dang
ng ng ng courtyard
ng ng ng ngaasa tree type bung ng
ngur young person nyaang ng
ng crocodile R r R r
R r R r
rrrraahwah net
kuurrrri circle
daarrrr throne
rrrraay
quarrel morrrraa governor deerrrr
leech L l
L l L l
L l llllofo
magic bullllij worm baallll
instrument
llllaal pumpkin type jillllahb water spring deellll lake
W w W w
W w W w
w w w wee house
raahw w w wah net
baaw w w w father
w w w waar
insect type aw w w wees
bird type ceew
w w w lame person Y y
Y y Y y
Y y yyyyaam
bride ahyyyyah oil, fat kaayyyy
witch doctor
yyyyaaz sister
ceyyyyam aged tobacco tayyyy giraffe
Z z Z z
Z z Z z
azzzza dog taazzzz
door
mezzzzan youth leader yaazzzz sister
Many consonants can be either before or after another consonant.
Before another consonant After another consonant D d
D d D d
D d
mofddddee snake type J j J j
J j J j
bajjjjwaar bird type dogoljjjja ankle
G g G g
G g G g
baggggdars lizard type jorggggaal bird type F f F f
F f F f
moffffdee snake type saarffffaa rat
S s S s
S s S s
rahssssluumaa praying mantis dherssssa sweat
M m M m
M m M m
sim m m mdahg relief
gahrm m m mud insect type N n N n
N n N n
onnnnso plate
nahrnnnnah saliva
Ny ny Ny ny
Ny ny Ny ny tuguuny ny ny
tree type berny
ny ny nyaw tomato Ng ng
Ng ng Ng ng
Ng ng bong ng ng ngma insect type tilng ng
ngah seed, chain R r R r
R r R r
ahrrrrngahd insect type tegrrrrelfaa bird type L l L l
L l L l
wiillllmaa ant type kuurlllluug rodent
W w W w
W w W w
lew w w wda animal
bajw w w waar bird type Y y Y y
Y y Y y
kayyyyma lucky stone
Z z Z z
Z z gaahzzzzg thief
Exercise 3
In each word below, circle each consonant. The first one has been done as an example. c e y a m tobacco k ah l f ah jaw d ah r s ah tumor k a g d a r food type th e e l anchor
- 10 - b a j w a a r bird type t i l ng ah seed, chain k a ng a r a ny jackal y a a z sister p a d a rope material n ah n d demon
Consonant Sequences Consonant Sequences Consonant Sequences Consonant Sequences
In the last lesson, we learned that consonants can come before or after another consonant. When two consonants are next to each other, we call it a consonant sequence. Consonant sequences can be in the middle of words, or at the end of words.
Consonant sequences in the middle of words nd nd nd nd theend nd nd
bird type nyd
nyd nyd
nyd saranyd nyd
nyd nyda
tree type ndh
ndh ndh
ndh kandh ndh
ndh ndhal
tree type nyj
nyj nyj
nyj jinyj nyj
nyj nyjil
bird type ns ns ns ns
tins ns ns nsahg asking
nyf nyf
nyf nyf tuguunyf nyf nyf
nyfaa tree type nf nf
nf raanf
nf nf nfaa covering ngm
ngm ngm
ngm bongm ngm
ngm ngma
insect type ms ms ms ms ams ms ms
dryness lm lm lm lm
koolm lm lm lmaa tree type rn rn
rn ngarn
rn rn rna leach lng
lng lng
lng bolng lng
lng lnge
medical tool rm rm rm rm gahrm rm rm
tree type rng
rng rng
rng kahrng rng
rng rngahl
grass type rny
rny rny
rny garny rny
rny rnye
dung ym ym ym ym kaym ym ym
lucky stone sl sl sl sl
rahsl sl sl sluumaa praying mantis ld ld
ld celd
ld ld lda charcoal fd fd fd fd
mofd fd fd fdee snake type lj ljlj
lj bamalj
ljlj lja
morning star rd rd rd rd
ord rd rd rdaa army
lg lg lg lg dahlg
lg lg lgah drum rs rs rs rs
dahrs rs rs rsah tumor
lf lf lf lf kahlf
lf lf lfah jaw rl rl rl rl
kuurl rl rl rluug rodent
rj rj rj rj kahwrj
rj rj rjah tree type jw jw jw jw bajw jw jw
bird type rg rg rg rg
tirg rg rg rgah nature
gd gd gd gd bagd gd gd gdars lizard type rf rf
rf saarf
rf rf rfaa rat gr gr gr gr
tegr gr gr grelfaa bird type wd wd
wd kawd
wd wd wda ear wax
yd yd yd yd tayd yd yd yda strainer
Consonant sequences at the end of words ms ms ms ms nams
ms ms ms food, eating rd rd rd rd
bahrd rd rd rd lion
nd nd nd nd fand
nd nd nd cheek rs rs rs rs
jeers rs rs rs hippo
ng ng ng nggggg ung ng ng nggggg 2222
tear of eye ld ld
ld lold
ld ld ld blemish of face ns ns ns ns
wilahns ns ns ns hunting
lj ljlj
lj falj
ljlj lj
tree type nyd
nyd nyd
nyd ronyd nyd
nyd nyd
mud zg zg zg zg
gaahzg zg zg zg theif
nyj nyj
nyj nyj benyj nyj nyj
nyj upper hip wd wd
wd dawd wd wd wd fertile soil ngd ngd
ngd ngd lahngd ngd ngd
ngd tree type yd yd
yd kayd yd yd yd cup, spoon
2
The plural is uniig
uniig uniig
uniig ‘tears’, so the underlying consonant sequence is /nnnn----gggg/. - 11 - yn yn yn yn
goy oy oy oyn metal worker wr wr
wr caw aw aw awr hare
yl yl yl yl bay
ay ay ayl grass wl wl wl wl dhew ew ew
jackal
Exercise 4 Circle consonant sequences in the words below. Do not circle any consonants that are not in a sequence. The first one has been done as an example.
k ah l f ah jaw d ah r s ah tumor a l d
fox n ah r n aah saliva b aa l a n d stripe t e g r e l f aa bird type b a n dh a l weak, unhealthy l o n d o r knot k u ny j cough
Consonants b, d, dh, j, g Consonants b, d, dh, j, g Consonants b, d, dh, j, g Consonants b, d, dh, j, g at the at the
at the at the End End End
End of Words of Words
of Words of Words
In this lesson, we learn why it is best to write the consonants b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g at the end of words instead of p, t, th, c, k p, t, th, c, k p, t, th, c, k p, t, th, c, k.
The consonants pppp, tttt, th th th th, c, k c, k c, k
c, k can be at the beginning of words, but never anywhere else in the word. The consonants bbbb, dddd, dh dh dh
words.
Word beginning Between vowels Word end P p
P p P p
P p ppppur
flower
T t T t T t
T t tttteed
road, path
Th th Th th Th th
Th th th th th theend riddle
C c
C c C c
C c cccceew
lame person
K k K k K k
K k kkkkabar wing
B b B b B b
B b bbbbaaw
father lahbbbbu navel jilahbbbb water spring D d
D d D d
D d ddddii
rat foddddor nose dahidddd scorpion Dh dh
Dh dh Dh dh
Dh dh dh dh dh dhoolafaa wolf
cedh dh dh dhang sickness dhodh dh
dh bird type J j J j
J j J j
jjjjaa boy, son pajjjjo star
siijjjj tree type G g G g
G g G g
ggggahmur dove
dhaggggar tortoise gaagggg bird type
Readers would have more difficulty if we wrote pppp at the ends of words instead of bbbb. In jilah jilah
jilah jilahbbbbahg ahg ahg
ahg ‘springs’, there is the sound [bbbb]. So, we write it with the letter bbbb. Since we - 12 - Spelling Rule 1 Spelling Rule 1 Spelling Rule 1 Spelling Rule 1: Write b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g at the end of words and not p, t, th, c, k p, t, th, c, k p, t, th, c, k p, t, th, c, k. write b
b b b in jilah jilah jilah
jilahbbbbahg ahg
ahg ahg, we should also write a b b b
jilah jilah
jilahbbbb ‘spring’. The words jilah jilah
jilah jilahbbbb ‘spring’ and jilah jilah
jilah jilahbbbbahg ahg ahg
ahg ‘springs’ have the same meaning except that jilah jilah
jilah jilahbbbbahg ahg ahg
ahg is more than one. So, we should write these words with the same letter bbbb. Readers may think the words have different meaning if we write a p p p p in jilah jilah
jilah jilahpppp ‘spring’ and a b b b
jilah jilah
jilahbbbbahg ahg
ahg ahg
‘springs’. .
. .
Correct
Wrong jilahbbbb spring jilahpppp spring jilahbbbbahg springs jilahbahg springs
Readers would also have more difficulty if we wrote tttt, th th th th, c, k c, k
c, k c, k at the ends of words instead of d, dh, j, g d, dh, j, g d, dh, j, g d, dh, j, g. In dahi dahi dahi
dahiddddahg ahg
ahg ahg ‘scorpions’, we write the second sound [dddd] with the letter dddd. So, we should also write dahi dahi
dahi dahidddd ‘scorpion’ with a final letter dddd. In dho dho dho
dhodh dh dh dhog og og og ‘storks’, we write the second sound [dh dh dh
dh dh dh, so we should also write dho dho
dho dhodh
dh dh dh ‘stork’ with a final letter dh dh dh dh. In sii sii sii
siijjjjahg ahg
ahg ahg ‘trees’, we write the sound [jjjj] with the letter jjjj, so we should also write sii sii
sii siijjjj ‘tree’ with the letter jjjj. In gaa gaa gaa
gaaggggaad aad
aad aad ‘birds’, we write the second sound [gggg] with the letter gggg, so we should also write gaa gaa
gaa gaagggg ‘bird’ with a final letter gggg.
Correct Wrong
bbbb jilahbbbb jilahbbbbahg jilahpppp jilahbahg spring, springs dddd dahydddd dahiddddahg dahytttt dahidahg scorpion, scorpions
fandddd
fanddddag fantttt
fandag cheek, cheeks dh dh
dh dhodh dh dh dh dhodh dh dh dhog dhoth
th th th dhodhog stork, storks jjjj siijjjj
siijjjjahg siicccc
siijahg type of tree, trees
bahnyjjjj bahnyjjjjahg bahnycccc bahnyjahg pulp, pulps gggg gaagggg gaaggggaad gaakkkk
gaagaad type of bird, birds
In summary, we have the following spelling rule:
Exercise 5 Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly eet his eye
eed bahrt
lion ___________________
talngej
tree type ___________________ gaahzk thief ___________________ unk
tear ___________________
karaap
troublemaker ___________________
benyc
upper hip ___________________
pebeec
tree type ___________________
- 13 - miid
stone ___________________
afat
blood ___________________
Heavy and Light Vowels Heavy and Light Vowels Download 452.34 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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