Authors: Hashim Orta Adaw
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coll. - Gaahmg Consonant & Vowel Book-Sudan Workshop Programme (2015)
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apostrophe apostrophe apostrophe consonant consonant consonant consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ
The apostrophe consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ is only in the middle of words such as pa pa pa paꞌan ꞌan ꞌan
ꞌan ‘guarding’ and other words below.
Word middle apostrophe ꞌ paꞌꞌꞌꞌǎn guarding koꞌꞌꞌꞌǎn crying, calling ciꞌꞌꞌꞌǎhn wearing
The consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ is always between two vowels and always begins a new syllable. So, ꞌꞌꞌꞌ always separates two vowels with their own beat. The two vowels are in different syllables. In ko ko ko
first syllable ko ko ko ko and the vowel aaaa is in the second syllable ꞌꞌꞌꞌǎǎǎǎnnnn.
Consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ separates 2 vowels in different syllables koꞌan
koooo ꞌǎǎǎǎn crying, calling paꞌan paaaa ꞌǎǎǎǎn guarding
This is different than the vowels in buah buah buah
buah ‘tree type’. In buah buah
buah buah, both uuuu and aaaahhhh are in the same beat or syllable. So the vowels uuuu and aaaahhhh are not separated with the consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ in buah
buah buah
buah.
2 vowels in the same syllable buah uah
uah uah
tree type buu
uu uu uu chicken coop roof
The consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ is also different than the consonant yyyy. The consonants ꞌꞌꞌꞌ and yyyy can both begin a new syllable, and they separate vowels in different syllables. However, ꞌꞌꞌꞌ sounds different than yyyy in the words ci ci ci
ꞌǎ ꞌǎ ꞌǎhn hn hn hn ‘wearing’ and biy biy biy
biyǎǎǎǎhn hn hn hn ‘leaving’. So they should be written differently–each with their own letter.
- 23 - Spelling Rule 4 Spelling Rule 4 Spelling Rule 4 Spelling Rule 4: Write the apostrophe consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ between vowels if both vowels get a beat (if the vowels are in different syllables). Do not write ꞌꞌꞌꞌ if both vowels are in the same beat (syllable) or if the sounds [yyyy] or [w w w w] separate the vowels. Consonants ꞌꞌꞌꞌ and y y y
ciꞌꞌꞌꞌahn ci ꞌꞌꞌꞌǎhn wearing biyyyyahn bi yyyyǎhn leaving, letting
The consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ is also different than the consonant w w w w. The consonants ꞌꞌꞌꞌ and w w w w can both begin a new syllable, and they separate vowels in different syllables. However, ꞌꞌꞌꞌ sounds different than w w w
ma ma maꞌǎ ꞌǎ ꞌǎ ꞌǎnnnn ‘drinking’ and law law law
lawǎǎǎǎnnnn ‘moving fast’. So they should be written differently–each with their own letter.
Consonants ꞌꞌꞌꞌ and w w w w separate 2 vowels in different syllables, but sound differently maꞌꞌꞌꞌan ma ꞌꞌꞌꞌǎn drinking law
w w wan la w w w wǎn moving fast
In summary, we have the following spelling rule: Exercise 10
Carefully read and say each test word below. The bold bold bold
bold letters of each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly kuuuuꞌꞌꞌꞌah ah ah ah foam, bubble kuwah diiiiꞌah
ꞌah ꞌah
ꞌahrmah centipede ____________________
naa aa aa aan sleeping ____________________ feeeeaaaan sweeping, cleaning ____________________
kaaaaꞌꞌꞌꞌaaaan bringing ____________________
cuah
uah uah
uahn sending, going ____________________
buwah uwah uwah
uwah tree type ____________________
dhiiiiꞌꞌꞌꞌah ah ah ahn planting, cultivating ____________________
lahwah
ahwah ahwah
ahwahn surrounding ____________________
baaaayyyyaaaan throwing, hitting ____________________
Single and Doubled Consonants Single and Doubled Consonants Single and Doubled Consonants Single and Doubled Consonants
Sometimes different words sound the same except for the tone—the high or low, falling or rising sound of a word.
The word nyam nyam nyam
nyam ‘want’ has a High
tone in sentence (1). The word nyamm nyamm
nyamm nyamm ‘break’ has a Mid tone in sentence (2). High E doos e nyam nyam nyam
nyam jeg. He begins to want want want
want things. Mid E doos e nyamm nyamm nyamm
nyamm jeg. He beings to break break break
break things. - 24 -
These words sound the same except for the difference in tone. We want to make it easier for the reader to understand these verbs correctly. So, we write nya nya
nya nyamm
mm mm mm ‘break’ with double mm mm mm mm.
Below there are a three other words with doubled consonant (itneen harf saakin). The doubled consonants help us know the difference in meaning in words that sound the same except for tone.
Words with doubled consonants High-Mid bellll name, call Mid bellll
have, possess Low
bell llll
ll beat, hit High nyam
m m m want, love Mid
nyamm mm mm mm break
High pallll
cut Low
pall llll
ll fall, get down High cagggg
bathe, wash Low
cagg gg gg gg finish, complete
There is also the words mii mii mii
mii ‘chicken’ and mii mii
mii mii ‘goat’ that sound the same except for tone. We write mi mi mi miah ah ah ah ‘goat’ as in the Buwahg
dialect instead of mii mii
mii mii ‘goat’ as in the Taw
Similar nouns
Correct
Wrong MH miiiii chicken (Taw dialect)
M miah
ah ah ah goat (Buwahg dialect) mii
iiii ii
goat (Taw dialect)
In summary, we have the following spelling rule
Exercise 11
Carefully read each test word below. The bold bold bold
bold letters in each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one has been done as an example.
Test Word Write Correctly Spelling Rule 5 Spelling Rule 5 Spelling Rule 5 Spelling Rule 5 (page ): Write miah miah
miah miah ‘goat’ instead of mii mii mii
mii ‘goat’ so that it is different than mii mii mii
mii ‘chicken’.
Write bell bell bell
bell ‘beat, hit’, nyamm nyamm
nyamm nyamm ‘break’, cagg cagg cagg
cagg ‘finish, complete’ pall pall
pall pall ‘fall, get down’ with two final consonants (itneen harf saakin) so that they are different than other verbs
1 .
- 25 - bellll
beat, hit bell
llll ll
nyamm mm mm mm want, love ___________________
pallll cut ___________________
cagggg
finish, complete ___________________
mii
iiii ii
chicken ___________________
pall
llll ll
fall, get down ___________________
bell
llll ll
have, possess ___________________
bellll
name, call ___________________
nyam
m m m break ___________________
cagg
gg gg gg bathe, wash ___________________
mii
iiii ii
goat ___________________
Spelling Spelling Spelling Spelling Rules Rules
Rules Rules Reviewed Reviewed Reviewed
Reviewed
In this book, we have learned four spelling rules that help reading and writing. We now review these rules. There are examples after each rule. The page number is shown where the rule is further explained.
Spelling Rule 1 Spelling Rule 1 Spelling Rule 1 Spelling Rule 1 (page 13): Write b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g b, d, dh, j, g at the end of words and not p, p,
p, p, t, th, c, k t, th, c, k t, th, c, k t, th, c, k.
Correct
Wrong
bbbb jilahbbbb jilahbbbbahg jilahpppp jilahbahg spring, springs dddd dahydddd dahiddddahg dahytttt dahidahg scorpion, scorpions dh dh dh dh dhodh dh dh
dh dh dhog dhoth th th th dhodhog stork, storks jjjj
siijjjj siijjjjahg siicccc siijahg
type of tree, trees gggg gaagggg gaaggggaad gaakkkk gaagaad type of bird, birds
Spelling Rule 2 Spelling Rule 2 Spelling Rule 2 Spelling Rule 2 (page 18): The light vowels a, e, o a, e, o
a, e, o a, e, o and the heavy vowels ah, i, o ah, i, o ah, i, o
ah, i, o are not usually mixed in the same words.
Light vowels Heavy vowels a, e
a, e a, e
a, e kaa
aa aa aadeeeel bull ah, i
ah, i ah, i
ah, i mah
ah ah ahnyiiiil rainbow, spirit a, o
a, o a, o
a, o paaaajoooo star ah, u
ah, u ah, u
ah, u gah
ah ah ahmuuuur dove e, a
e, a e, a
e, a ceeeedhaaaan sickness type i, ah
i, ah i, ah
i, ah jiiiilah
ah ah ahb water spring e, o
e, o e, o
e, o meeeeloo
oo oo oo sugar cane i, u
i, u i, u
i, u jii
iiii iiguu
uu uu uul afternoon o, e
o, e o, e
o, e booooreeeed eye matter u, i
u, i u, i
u, i buuuuliiiij worm o, a
o, a o, a
o, a mooooraa
aa aa aa governor u, ah
u, ah u, ah
u, ah buu
uu uu uusah ah ah ah stone type
Spelling Rule 3 Spelling Rule 3 Spelling Rule 3 Spelling Rule 3aaaa (page 22): After a, o, e a, o, e a, o, e
a, o, e write yyyy or w w w w and not e, i e, i
e, i e, i, o, u o, u o, u
o, u.
Correct
Wrong
a . . . the . . . more than one a . . . the . . . more than one w w
w maaw w w w maaw w w wan maaw w w weeg maaoooo maaooooan maaooooeeg gazelle
ceew w w w ceew
w w wan ceew w w waag ceeoooo
ceeooooan ceeooooaag lame person yyyy kaayyyy kaayyyyan kaayyyyeeg kaaeeee kaaeeeean kaaeeeeeeg witch doctor
Correct Wrong
- 26 -
Inf Comd Pl
Cont Past Inf
Comd Pl Cont Past
w
w w law w w
lahw w w ww w w wah law
w w wan laoooo lahoooodah laooooan move quickly
dhiw
w w w dhiw w w wdah dhiw
w w wahn dhiuuuu dhiuuuudah dhiuuuuahn plow, plant yyyy koyyyy kuyy yy
yyu koyyyyan koeeee kuii
iiii iiu
koeeeean cook
Correct Wrong
w w w w kaw
w w wda ear wax kaooooda ear wax
lew w w wda animal
leooooda animal
caw
w w wr hare caoooor
hare
tew w w ws sorghum seed type teoooos sorghum seed type yyyy tayyyyda strainer taeeeeda strainer
foyyyyda planting seed foeeeeda planting seed
kayyyyn
yesterday kaeeeen
yesterday
goyyyyn metal worker goeeeen metal worker
3333b:
b: b:
b: After ah, u ah, u
ah, u ah, u write iiii and not yyyy, unless doubled as in a plural command (bu bu bu
yy yy yyuuuu ‘cultivate!’)
Correct Wrong
a . . . the . . . more than one a . . . the . . . more than one
iiii nyuiiii nyuiiiin nyuiiiig nyuyyyy nyuyyyyahn nyuyyyyg leopard muiiii muiiiin muiiiig
muyyyy muyyyyahn muyyyyg wildebeast
Correct Wrong
Inf Comd Pl
Cont Inf
Comd Pl Cont
iiii buiiii buyy yy
yyu buiiiinahn buyyyy buii
iiii iiu
buyyyynahn cultivate
Correct Wrong
iiii dahiiiid scorpion dahyyyyd scorpion
ahiiiild cold, sickness ahyyyyld cold, sickness
kuiiiir leaf for mats kuyyyyr
leaf for mats
3c: 3c:
3c: 3c: After ah, i ah, i ah, i
ah, i write w w w w and not uuuu.
Correct
Wrong
Inf Comd Pl
Cont Inf
Comd Pl Cont
w w w w dahw w w
dahww ww ww wwah dahw
w w wahn dahuuuu dahuu
uu uu uuah dahuuuuahn follow
dhiw
w w w dhiw w w wdah dhiw
w w wahn dhiuuuu dhiuuuudah dhiuuuuahn plant, plow
Correct Wrong
w w w w gahw w w wrd stomach pouch gahuuuurd stomach pouch
gahw
w w wldaah fish gahuuuuldaah fish
Spelling Rule 4 Spelling Rule 4 Spelling Rule 4 Spelling Rule 4 (page 23): Write an apostrophe consonant ꞌꞌꞌꞌ between vowels if both vowels get a beat (darba) (if the vowels are in different syllables). Do not write ꞌꞌꞌꞌ if both
- 27 - vowels are in the same beat or if the sounds [yyyy] or [w w w
2 syllables 2 syllables 2 syllables 2 syllables ꞌꞌꞌꞌ paꞌꞌꞌꞌan was guarding
ciꞌꞌꞌꞌahn was wearing
yyyy biyyyyahn was leaving, letting
w w w w law w w wan was moving quickly 1 syllable 1 syllable 1 syllable 1 syllable buah uah
uah uah
tree type
buu
uu uu uu chicken coop roof
Spelling Rule 5 Spelling Rule 5 Spelling Rule 5 Spelling Rule 5 (page 25): Write miah miah miah
miah ‘goat’ instead of mii mii
mii mii ‘goat’ so that it is different than mii mii
mii mii ‘chicken’.
Similar nouns Correct
Wrong Mid-High miiiii chicken (Taw dialect)
Mid miah
ah ah ah goat (Buwahg dialect) mii
iiii ii
goat (Taw dialect)
Write bell bell bell
bell ‘beat, hit’, nyamm nyamm
nyamm nyamm ‘break’, cagg cagg cagg
cagg ‘finish, complete’ pall pall
pall pall ‘fall, get down’ with two final consonants (itneen harf saakin) so that they are different than other verbs 3 . High-Mid bellll name, call Mid
bellll have, possess Low bell
llll ll
beat, hit High
nyam m m m want, love Mid nyamm
mm mm mm break High
pallll cut
Low pall
llll ll
fall, get down High
cagggg bathe, wash Low cagg
gg gg gg finish, complete
Exercise 12
Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly miitttt stone
____________________
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