Avvalo birinchi grammatik qoidalarni undan so’ng qiladigan xatolarni ko’rib chiqing bu sizni kelasida qilinadigan har qanday xatolardan saqlab qoladi. Uni tugatib test yechish sirlarini yaxshilab o’rganib chiqing

Permission(ruhsat so’rash)	Can, could, may
Can I sit in that chair please? Could I open the window? May I borrow your dictionary?
Advice(maslahat)	Should	You should visit your dentist at least twice a year You should try to lose weight
Obligation(majburiyat)	Must. Have to	I must memorize all of these rules about tenses You have to take off your shoes before you get into the Masjid I must finish the report by tomorrow. (buyerda gapiruvchi o’zi qaror qildi shuni bajarishi kerakligini) I have to finish the report by tomorrow. (Gapiruvchi qaror qabul qilmadi balki boshqa birov qaror qabul qildi gapiruvchi bu ishni bajarishi kerak tashqi tasir orqali.)
Possibility(ehtimollik, tahmin)	May, might, could,	It looks nice, it might be very expensive Take an umbrella with you. It may rain later

Bir modal fe’llar vaziyatga qarab bir nechta ma’no berishi mumkin shunga qarab uchga bo’lib ko’rib chiqamiz

1. 
   Single Concept Modals( bir ma’noli modallar) – Ular faqat bitta ma’no anglatadi
   
2. 
   Double Concept Modals(ikki ma’noli modallar) – Ularda ikkita ma’nosi bo’ladi
   
3. 
   Modal in past (o’tgan zamondagi modallar) – Ular o’tmishdagi vaziyatlar uchun ishlatiladi.
   

Single Concept Modals	Double Concept Modals	Modal in past
Will Might Should Ought to Had better	May Must Would Shall Could Can	Would have Could have Might have Should have May have Must have

Single Concept Modals

Modal	Concept	Example
Will	Future (kelasi zamon uchun)	Joe will travel to NY next week - Jo kelasi hafta Nyu-York shahriga jo'naydi
		Kelasi zamonda bajaradigan ishlarni aytish uchun will ishlatamiz
Might	Small probability Tahmin uchun)	I might move to Canada someday - Bir kun kelib Kanadaga ko'chib ketishim mumkin
		Might hozir va kelasi zamondagi tahmini ifodalsh uchun ishlatiladi
Should	Recommendation (maslahat uchun)	You should go to the doctor – Siz do’ktorga borishingiz kerak
		Should maslahat berishda ishlatiladi biror ishni qilishing kerak shu ishni qilsang yaxshi bo’ladi yoki shu ishni bajarish to’g’ri degan ma’noda
Ought to	Recommendation (maslahat uchun)	He ought to help his friend – U do’stlariga yordam berishi kerak
		Maslahat berish ma’nosida should bilan ought toni bir xil ishlatamiz
Had better	Warning (ogohlantirish)	I had better study or I will fail the test – Men o’qiganim maqul aks holda testdan yiqilaman
		Had better maslahat berishda ishlatiladi va agarda sen bu ishni qilmasang, oxiri muommo bo’ladi, had better ogolantirishga ma’nosini beradi.

Double Concept Modals

	Modal	Concept		Example
	Shall(1)	Offer(tarbiyali taklif)		Excuse me, I shall go now Shall I clean it? - Kechirasiz, men hozir boraman Uni tozalab tashlaymi?
	Shall(2)	Contractual obligation ( Shartnoma majburiyati)		The company shall pay on January 1^st - Kompaniya 1 yanvar kuni to'lovni amalga oshiradi
	Could(1)	Unreal Ability (Haqiqiy bo'lmagan qobiliyat)		I could go if I had time – agarda vaqtim bo’lsa, borardim
				Noreal qobilyatlarni ifodalaydi va asosan if gaplarda keladi. Ba’zan odam bilmasadan aytib yuboradigan noreal gaplar uchun ham ishlatiladi masalan: Juda ochman. Bitta otni yeb yuboraman. Aslida bu noreal bitta otni yeyish imkonsiz
	Could(2)	Past ability (O’tmishdagi qobilyati)		She could play the piano – U pianino chalaolardi
				O’tmishda biror ishni bajara olganizni bajarish qobilayti borligini bildiradi
	Can(1)	Present Ability (hozirgi zamondagi qobilyat)		We can speak English – Biz inglizcha gaplasha olamiz.
				Hozirgi va kelasi zamonda biror ish-harakatni qila olish qobilyatini bildiradi.
	Can(2)	Permission(ruhsat )		Can I have a candy? – Konfetni ko’rsam maylimi?
	May(1)	Permission(ruhsat)		May I come in – Kirsam mayli?
	May(2)	Good probability (yaxshi tahmin)		We may visit Mexico this summer - Bu yozda Meksikaga tashrif buyurishimiz mumkin
				Sodir bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan tahmini ifodalaydi.
	Must (1)	Responsibility (majburiyat, zarurat)		Everyone must pay taxes – hamma soliqlarni to’lashi kerak
				Must modal fe’li zarurat, buyruq yoki qattiq maslahatni ifodalaydi. Must kerak deb tarjima qilinadi va hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun ishlatiladi
	Must (2)	Assumption ( ishonchli tahmin)		She didn’t arrive. She must be sick – U kelmadi. Kasal bo’lsa kerak.
				Must gapiruvchi to’g’ri deb o’ylagan tahmin uchun ham ishlatiladi
	Would (1)		Past(used to) O’tmishdagi odatlar	When I was young, I would play soccer – Yoshligimda, futbol o’ynardim
				O’tmishda bajargan hozir esa bajarmay qo’ygan odatlarimiz uchun ishlatamiz.
	Would(2)		Present Unreal (Hozirgi zamondagi noreal harakatlar uchun)	I would buy the car but I can’t afford it – Mashina sotib olardim biroq qurbim yetmaydi.
				Asosan if gaplarda noreal ish-harakatni bildirib keladi hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun ishlatiladi

Modals in Past

	Modal Perfect	Uses	Example
	Must have P.P	O’tmishdagi kuchli tahmin uchun	I saw Shohsanam crying a few minutes ago. She must have heard the bad news. – Bir necha daqiqa oldin Shohsanamni yig’layotgani ko’rdim. U yomon yanglikni eshitgan bo’lsa kerak
			O’tgan zamondagi garpiruvchi ishongan tahmin uchun must have + P.P ishlatamiz
	Might/may have P.P	O’tmishdagi ishonchsiz tahmin uchun	Joe may / might have taken the wrong train. –Joe noto’g’ri poyezdga mingan bo’lshi mumkin
			O’tgan zamondagi garpiruvchi unchalik kuchli ishonmagan tahmin uchun may/might have + P.P ishlatamiz
	Could have P.P	O’tmishda bajarish imkoni bo’lgan, lekin bajarilmagan qobilyatlar uchun	You could have played better – U yaxshiroq o’ynar olardi (lekin yaxshi o’ynamadi)
			Biz o’tgan zamonda biror narsa qilishimiz mumkin edi yoki qilish qobilyatimiz bo’lgan lekin biz qilmagan ishimizni aytishda ishlatamiz
	Couldn’t have P.P	O’tmishda bajarish imkoni bo’lmagan qobilyatlar uchun	He couldn’t have passed because you hadn’t studied enough – U imtixondan o’taolmasdi sababi u yetarlicha o’qimadi.
			Biz o’tgan zamonda biror narsa qilmaymiz agar qilishni xoxlaganmizda ham qilolmasdik sababi qilishga imkonyatimiz bo’lmaydi.
	Would have P.P	O’tmishda nimanidur bajarishni juda xoxlash ammo bazi sabablarga ko’ra bajarish imkonyati yo’q vaziyatlar uchun	I would have visited you, but I forgot your address – Men sizdika tashrif buyar edim ammo manzilingizni unutdim.
			You should / ought to have warned me earlier - Meni ertaroq ogohlantirishingiz kerak edi