Б. С. Хаймович, Б. И. Роговская теоретическая грамматика английского языка
MORPHOLOGY (1-377)
Participle I | |||
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Participle II | |||
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Order |
Voice | ||
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Active |
Passive | ||
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non-perfect |
writing |
being written |
written |
|
perfect |
having written |
having been written | |
§ 308. The combinability of the verbids is of mixed nature. Partly, as we have seen, it resembles that of a finite verb. But some models of combinability are akin to those of other parts of speech.
The gerund may be preceded by a preposition and a possessive pronoun like a noun.
E. g. One could see that without his even speaking. (Abrahams).
The participle is regularly connected with nouns, like an adjective, and with verbs, like an adverb. See the examples in § 319.
§ 309. The functions of the verbids in the sentence are different from those of the finite verb. The latter regularly functions as the predicate of the sentence. The verbids are, as a rule, not used in this function. But they are used in most other functions.
To g о to Fleur was what he would like to do. (Galsworthy). (Tо go is a subject.)
He promised not t о tell her about the offer. (Wilson). (To tell is used as an objective complement.)
In the sentence They looked up at the sky t о see if it was flying weather (Maugham) the infinitive is an adverbial complement of purpose and the gerund is an attribute. In She is a spoiled child not t о be trusted (Galsworthy) both the participle spoiled and the infinitive to be trusted are attributes.
§ 310. One of the peculiarities of the verbids is their being used as secondary predicates. In the sentence I saw them dancing two actions are named as well as the doers of those actions. But there is a great difference between I saw and them dancing. I saw is more or less independent. It makes a predication (see § 381), the backbone of a sentence, or the sentence itself. Them dancing can exist only in a sentence where there is a predication. The tense and mood relations of the finite verb are then reflected in the verbid and it becomes a secondary predicate, and combinations like them dancing become secondary predications, (see §§ 394, 395) often called complexes or nexuses (see § 324).
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