Б. С. Хаймович, Б. И. Роговская теоретическая грамматика английского языка


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MORPHOLOGY (1-377)

Common case Possessive case
each other each other's
one another one another's

§ 170. Reciprocal pronouns are used anaphorically, usu­ally with reference to the subject of the sentence (always plural). This accounts for the fact that they do not function as subjects. They mostly occur as objects (both prepositionless and prepositional) and attributes.


Resident hospital staff can get on each о t h e r's nerves. (Randall).
She was the offspring of two people who really lived (or each other. (Randall).

Indefinite Pronouns


§ 171. In grammatical tradition the class of indefinite pronouns is the most variegated of all. It is said to include some, any, every, no (and their compounds), all, each, either, much, many, few, little, etc., words of different lexical and grammatical nature.


We agree with V. N. Zhigadlo, and I. P. Ivanova that only the pronouns some, any and their compounds really indicate things, properties, etc. in an indefinite way. Therefore only these pronouns will be regarded here as indef­inite.

§ 172. Indefinite pronouns can be pro-nouns (some, any, somebody, somebody's, anybody, anybody's, someone, some­one's, something, anything); pro-adjectives (some, any); pro-numerals (some, any); pro-adverbs (somewhere, somehow, anywhere, anyhow).


E.g. Some are wise and some are otherwise (pro­nouns).
I read it in some book (pro-adjective). It was some years ago (pro-numeral).

§ 173. Like some other groups of pronouns the indefinite pronouns regularly occur in certain types of sentences. Some and its compounds usually indicating an indefinite quantity or quality as available are mostly used in affirmative sen­tences (in about 75—77 per cent of all cases), whereas any and its compounds, without the connotation of 'availability', are generally used (in about 68—72 per cent of all cases) in interrogative and negative sentences4, or in conditional clauses.


E. g. There were a couple of periodicals and some letters
that had come by the second post. (Amis).
If she hasn't any sense of humour, it won't work. (Black) There mustrn't be a n у American casualties, must there?
(Greene)
We must bear in mind, however, that some (and its com­pounds) occurs in interrogative sentences (very rarely in negative ones) to which an affirmative answer is expected or invited1 (that is, when the speaker proceeds from the availa­bility of some object, property, etc.). May I have s о т е paper?
Any (and its compounds) may be used in affirmative sen­tences in the meaning of "every", "no matter which": You can buy stamps at a n у post-office. (Hornby).
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4 It also occurs with negative words such as without or hardly. He has hardly any time. I had it without any difficulty.

§ 174. The compound indefinite pronouns in -body, -one, and -thing denote 'person' and 'non-person', the former being indicated by the words in -one and -body, the latter — by those in -thing.


E. g. A vague acceptance of this kind isn't any use to anyone. (Amis).
You'll never do anything as good as that. (Maugham).
The compound indefinite pronouns in -body and -one have the noun system of cases represented in opposemes like somebody somebody's, anyone anyone's.
I can't see that it is a n у о n e's business but mine. (Heyer)

Negative-Pronouns


§ 175. The negative pronouns are no, nobody, nobody's, none, nothing, neither, nowhere.


They can be used as pro-nouns (nobody, nobody's, none, neither, nothing), pro-adjectives (no, neither), as a pro-adverb (nowhere) and a pro-numeral (none).

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